Let's give a brief historical background on the development of this industry.
Oil production on an industrial scale did not begin until 1857 in Romania and two years later in the United States, after the chemist Silliman reported that "illuminating oil" could be obtained relatively easily from it.
In Russia (in the region of Baku), extraction by scooping up oil that came to the surface and distillation of the land impregnated with it in the early 1860s. led to the bankruptcy of a number of industrialists. And only mining with the help of boreholes used by the Nobel brothers brought economically acceptable results. By 1900, Russia was producing far more oil than all the countries of the world put together. Until the very end of the 19th century. oil was mined mainly to obtain kerosene from it, which was widely used for lighting purposes.
Before the collapse of the USSR, Russia remained the largest oil producer in the world - about 600 million tons per year. The sharp drop in its production in the process of market transformations is due to long-term factors and, above all, a decrease in investment with a noticeable increase in production costs. As a result, geological exploration work (Russia has the largest unexplored oil reserves, the volume of which exceeds the explored), development drilling, etc., has decreased several times.
Since 2000, oil production in Russian Federation increases. In 2008, it amounted to 488 million tons, which is 89 million tons more than in 1992. In 2011, oil production, including gas condensate, amounted to 512 million tons, in 2012 - 517 million tons.
The Russian oil industry includes oil producing enterprises, oil refineries and enterprises for the transportation and marketing of oil and oil products. The industry has 28 large oil refineries (capacity from 1 million tons/year), mini-refineries and oil production plants. The length of main oil pipelines is about 50 thousand km and oil product pipelines - 19.3 thousand km.
The structure of the oil industry is made up of 10 large vertically integrated oil companies. The most powerful of them are the oil companies Rosneft, Lukoil, Surgutneftegaz, TNK-BP and Gazprom Neft. Transportation of oil and oil products is carried out by the enterprises of the joint-stock companies "Transneft" and "Transnefteprodukt".
The world's largest oil transportation company, Transneft, is a state holding uniting over 20 subsidiaries engaged in oil pumping, diagnostics, construction, repair and restoration, research, design and other work.
Oil and gas fields are located mainly in the following oil and gas provinces:
- Volga-Ural;
- West Siberian;
- Timan-Pechora and Barents-Pechora;
- North Caucasian (North Caucasian-Mangyshlak);
- Leno-Tungusskaya (western part of Yakutia, northern and central part of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, western and northern parts of the Irkutsk region. Deposits: Srednebotuobinskoye, Verkhnevilyuchanskoye, Danilovskoye, Verkhnechonskoye, Markovskoye, Yaraktinskoye, Sobinskoye).
There are the followingoil and gas provinces:
- Yenisei-Anabar (the northern part of the Krasnoyarsk Territory and the western part of Yakutia). It includes the Yenisei-Khatanga gas-bearing and Lena-Anabar oil and gas regions. Deposits: Severo-Soleninskoye, Pelyatkinskoye and Deryabinskoye;
- Leno-Vilyuiskaya (western part of Yakutia). Deposits: Srednevilyuiskoye, Ust-Vilyuiskoye, Sobolokhskoye, Srednetyungskoye, Mastakhskoye.
Particularly promising are the continental shelves in the European North and the Far East. Deposits have been explored in the Caspian lowland, on about. Sakhalin.
The resources of the Volga-Ural oil and gas province are the most studied and developed.
Volga-Ural The oil and gas province occupies a very vast territory. Its western border conditionally runs along the meridian of the city of Nizhny Novgorod, and the eastern border adjoins the Ural Mountains. The following large deposits are located here: Novoelkhovskoye, Romashkinskoye and Almetyevskoye in Tataria; Arlanskoye, Kumertauskoye, Shkanovskoye and Tuymazinskoye in Bashkiria; Mukhanovskoe and Dmitrievskoe in the Samara region; Yarinskoye in the Perm region. Oil and gas deposits have also been explored in the Saratov, Volgograd and Orenburg regions. Oil occurs at a depth of 2.5–2 km, contains a large amount of paraffin, resins, and low sulfur content.
The largest oil resources are identified within West Siberian plains. Over 300 oil and gas fields have been discovered and partially explored within the West Siberian Lowland. The most significant of them are Ust-Balykskoye, Megionskoye, Lokosovskoye, Arctic, Bovanenkovskoye, East Surgutskoye, Vyngapurovskoye, Zapolyarnoye, Krasnoleninskoye, Lyantorskoye, Mamontovskoye, Povoiortovskoye, Pravdinskoye, Priobskoye, Prirazlomnoye, Russian, Salymskoye, Sutorminskoye, Talinskoye, Tevlinsko-Russkinskoye , Urengoy in the Tyumen region; Medvedevskoye, Sosninsko-Sovietskoye in the Tomsk region. Siberian fields are distinguished by high quality oil. The main deposits are located in the middle reaches of the Ob. The Shaim, Surgut, Nizhnevartovsk oil-bearing regions are distinguished, in which such world-famous fields as Samotlor (Tyumen region), Ust-Balykskos, Fedorovskoye, Aleksandrovskoye, Nizhnevartovskoye, Varyoganskoye, Luginetskoye and others are located. Low-sulfur oil occurs at a depth of 3000 m, drilling conditions complex, a large amount of associated gases. The resources of Western Siberia have been involved in development since 1960.
Located in the Northern Economic Region Timiano-Pechora oil and gas province (Usinskoye, Vozeyskoye, Layavozhskoye, Yaregskoye, Zapadno-Tebukskoye, Kharyaginskoye deposits). The largest U-list field produces heavy oil (mining) - the most valuable raw material for the production of low-temperature oils necessary for the operation of mechanisms in harsh climatic conditions.
Important oil regions include the territory adjacent to the Caspian Sea (Grozny, Kuban-Azov, Mangyshlak, Dagestan, Nizhnevolzhskoe deposits).
On the territory of Western Siberia, on the basis of the use of fuel and energy resources in the Soviet period, it was planned to form the West Siberian TPK; in the European North - Timan-Pechora TPK (it should be noted that the technological chains of the complexes being created are preserved during the period of market relations, however, in a different system of economic relations and forms of ownership).
Pipelines are the most effective remedy oil transportation (excluding maritime transportation by tankers). The Druzhba oil pipeline from Almetievsk through Samara and Bryansk to Mozyr (Belarus) and further to Poland, Germany, Hungary, the Czech Republic and Slovakia is of international importance.
The formation of the country's main oil base in Western Siberia changed the orientation of the main oil flows. Further development of the network of main oil pipelines is connected with Western Siberia. Main pipelines:
- 1) western direction: Ust-Balyk - Kurgan - Almetyevsk; Nizhnevartovsk - Samara; Samara - Lisichansk - Kremenchug - Kherson - Odessa; Surgut - Novopolotsk (Belarus);
- 2) southern direction: Shaim - Tyumen; Ust-Balyk - Omsk; Omsk - Pavlodar - Chimkent (Kazakhstan);
- 3) eastern direction: Aleksandrovskoye - Anzhero-Sudzhensk.
The diversification of oil supply routes, the creation of highly efficient export routes to ensure the predicted growth of oil production in promising Russian regions, the elimination of the dependence of Russian oil exports on transit through the territory of neighboring states, the increasing role of Russia in ensuring international energy security led to the development and implementation of projects for the development of a system of main oil transport . In the future, it is necessary to create a unified oil pipeline system that allows for the rapid redistribution of oil flows both in the western and eastern directions, depending on market conditions.
Oil pipeline system Eastern Siberia - Pacific Ocean (ESPO) is being built to transport oil to the Russian Far East and to the markets of the Asia-Pacific region. The system will be technologically connected to Transneft's existing trunk pipelines and will make it possible to create a single network that ensures the efficient distribution of oil flows across Russia in western and eastern directions.
First of all Baltic Pipeline System (BPS) was put into operation in December 2001. This made it possible to create a new independent Russian export route for the transportation of oil through the specialized seaport of Primorsk.
As part of project BTS-2 the construction of a main pipeline through the territory of the Bryansk, Smolensk, Tver, Novgorod, Leningrad regions is envisaged.
Implementation oil pipeline project "Burgas - Alexandroupolis"will create a new route that will allow transporting Russian and Caspian oil from the Black Sea ports to the port of Burgas (Bulgaria) by tankers, and then through the oil pipeline to the port of Alexandroupolis (Greece) with further transshipment into tankers and transportation to world markets. The proposed scheme serves to strengthen energy security Europe, and will also reduce the volume of oil delivery by tankers through the overloaded Bosphorus and Dardanelles.
Caspian Pipeline Consortium (CPC) connects the fields of Western Kazakhstan (Tengiz, Karachaganak) with the Russian coast of the Black Sea (terminal Yuzhnaya Ozereevka near Novorossiysk).
Construction project oil pipeline "Purpe - Samotlor"" is designed to create a bridge between the western and eastern components of the Russian pipeline system. The route will pass through the territory of the Yamalo-Nenets and Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrugs.
Oil is an important feedstock for chemistry and petrochemistry. It is processed at refineries (refineries) and petrochemical plants (PCC), where a large number of various kinds oil products in the form of light motor fuel - gasoline and kerosene, and hydrocarbon raw materials for the industry of organic synthesis and polymer chemistry. Many oil refineries are located in areas of consumption, on oil pipeline routes and in large cities on river highways through which oil is transported. Major oil refining centers: Moscow, Ryazan, Nizhny Novgorod, Yaroslavl, Kirishi, Saratov, Syzran, Samara, Volgograd, Ufa, Perm, Orsk, Omsk, Angarsk, Achinsk, Komsomolsk-on-Amur, Khabarovsk.
Refineries make up the refining segments of oil companies.
The structure of the Rosneft company includes seven large oil refineries: Tuapse on the Black Sea coast, Komsomolsk in the Far East, Achinsk and Angarsk in Eastern Siberia, as well as the Samara group of refineries (Novokuibyshevsky, Kuibyshevsky and Syzransky) in the Volga region. The Samara and East Siberian refineries were acquired by Rosneft in May 2007, which allowed it to significantly increase its level of vertical integration. The total capacity of Rosneft refineries for primary processing is 53.9 million tons (394 million barrels) of oil per year, which corresponds to 51% of production in 2008. Rosneft ranks first in Russia in terms of refining capacity.
The TNK-BP oil company owns the Krasnoleninsky Oil Refinery and OOO Nizhnevartovsk Oil Refining Association (NNPO) in the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug, the Ryazan Oil Refining Company (RNPC) and the Saratov Oil Refinery.
JSC "TANECO" (formerly CJSC "Nizhnekamsk Refinery") is a complex of oil refineries and petrochemical plants that is being formed in Tatneft, designed to annually process 7 million tons of high-sulfur oil into a wide range of petrochemical products and is the most important component of the strategy for the development of the entire oil and gas chemical complex of the Republic Tatarstan.
OAO Volgograd Oil Refinery is part of OOO Lukoil-Volganefteprodukt. The main oil refining asset of OAO "Gazpromneft" is the Omsk Oil Refinery and LLC "Gazpromneft-Lubricants". "The production association "Kirishinefteorgsintez" in the Leningrad region is a processing enterprise of the Surgutneftegaz company.
The oil industry is a branch of the economy that is responsible for the extraction, processing, transportation, storage and sale of oil and petroleum products.
The process of oil production includes geological exploration, drilling of oil wells, as well as their repair, purification of produced oil from water impurities and various chemicals.
One of the branches of the fuel industry is gas. The main functions of the gas industry are: exploration of gas fields, extraction of natural gas, gas supply and production of artificial gas using coal and shale. The main task of the gas industry is the transportation and accounting of gas.
Development of the fuel industry
(The first oil rigs)
The fuel industry was born in 1859. Then an oil well was accidentally drilled in Pennsylvania, after which the development of the entire region began.
In Russia, oil has been extracted since the 8th century, using the wells of the Apsheron Peninsula. Later, oil began to be produced on the Ukhta River, on the Cheleken Peninsula, in the Kuban. At first, oil was extracted using cylindrical buckets. In 1865, the United States began to use a mechanical method of oil production - with the help of deep-pump operation.
(Oil then, indeed, was in full swing)
In 1901, pre-revolutionary Russia ranked first in oil production. In 1913, oil was produced in large quantities in the Baku region, Grozny and Maikop. There were oil monopolies developing new oil deposits. However, this led to a rapid drop in reservoir pressure. Cooperation with foreign companies led the Russian oil industry into decline. Therefore, in 1918 V.I. Lenin signed decrees on the nationalization of the oil industry. From that moment, the process of restoring this link began. Percussion drilling was replaced by rotary mining, and a period of deep-well pumps and gas lift began.
By 1929, the reconstruction was completed. Thanks to innovations, by 1940, Russia again entered the highest level for oil production.
Despite the fact that during the years of the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945, many oil fields were disabled, pre-revolutionary Russia continued to extract natural resources in fairly large quantities. The search for new deposits continued, which made it possible to ensure an increase in oil production in each five-year period - more than 100 million tons.
(Discovery of oil deposits in Siberia 1953)
The discovery of deposits in Western Siberia in 1953 brought even more positive results to the USSR. Both oil and gas were produced here. During this period, inclined drilling was widely used, which made it possible to extract the fossil in a shorter time.
And by 1980, the USSR had become a major oil power. The use of new industrial methods of oil production begins, and automation of industry is being carried out.
The emergence of oil transport leads to the emergence of a network of main oil pipelines connecting oil refineries with each other.
In 1878, the first oil pipeline appeared at the Baku oil fields, and by 1917 the length of Soviet oil pipelines was more than 600 km.
(Oil rigs in Texas, USA, XX century)
In Europe, the oil industry began to develop rapidly in the 1950s. During this period, the richest oil countries were Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Hungary, Poland, Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia.
The capitalist countries also had oil reserves, most of which were in Saudi Arabia, Kuwait and Mexico. The US, Venezuela, Libya, Iraq and Iran also had large oil reserves.
Branches of the fuel industry
The fuel industry consists of three main branches - oil, coal and gas.
coal industry
The coal industry is a fairly old and well-studied industry, especially for Russia. If until the 19th century people used firewood, then in times Russian Empire coal mining began. It is used in transport, for heating residential premises. Coal is used to produce electricity, use it in the iron and steel industry and chemical industry.
If we compare coal and brown coal, then it should be noted that coal has a rather high calorific value and the quality is much better. That is why it is easy to transport it over long distances. Brown coal is used in mining areas.
Coal mining is carried out in two ways - open and closed. The latter method is effective when the coal deposit is deep underground. Then it is mined from the mines. The open way is career.
Oil industry
The oil industry is the base of the modern economy. The clearest example of the need for oil in modern world is gasoline. Without gasoline, there would be no cars, planes, sea and river vessels.
Oil is extracted from oil wells or mines. And the well fluid itself is also distributed according to the method of extraction into: fountain, gas lift and pump-compressor production.
Despite the fact that the gas industry is a fairly young industry, it is developing very rapidly. The first gas fields were discovered during the Great Patriotic War. Comparing gas and oil production, it is worth noting that gas production is much cheaper for the state. When it is burned, less harmful substances are produced than from burning oil or coal. Natural gas can be used as a chemical raw material, as well as for the production of mineral fertilizers.
Oil and gas industry in Russia
To date, Russia is not a leader in terms of oil reserves. The reason for this is both the political situation and the process of development of the oil industry in various states.
Today, the Russian Federation is also developing and expanding oil territories in many parts of the country. Zapadnaya Siberia remains the largest entity in the extraction of oil resources, there are about 300 oil and gas fields, the main of which are: Samotlor, Ust-Balyk, Megionskoye, Fedorovskoye and Surgutskoye. In second place after the Siberian territories is the Volga-Ural basin. The oil here is not as clean as in Siberia - it contains about 3% sulfur, which is neutralized during the processing of raw materials. The main regions for oil production also include: Tatarstan, Bashkortostan, Udmurtia, Samara, Perm, Saratov and Volgograd regions. In addition to the main oil regions, one can distinguish the Far East, the North Caucasus, the Stavropol and Krasnodar Territories, on the territory of which a considerable amount of the "black resource" is also extracted.
Today, there is a clear trend towards a decrease in exports and an increase in imports of oil products. 95% of all oil products are transported through oil pipelines, which are displayed on the map of the Russian oil industry and geographical atlases.
The Russian gas industry is one of the budget-forming branches of the state. It is responsible for the extraction, processing, storage and distribution of gas resources for their use. Most of Russia's energy consumption comes from the gas industry.
The gas industry is almost 3 times cheaper than the oil industry and 15 times cheaper than others industrial branches associated with hydrocarbon production.
More than a third of the world's gas reserves are located on the territory of the Russian state and they are located in Western Siberia.
Fuel industry of the countries of the world
(US shale oil production)
The basis of the fuel industry is the extraction and processing of fuel - oil, gas and coal. Abroad, oil production is controlled by TNCs from the United States and Western European countries. And only in some countries oil production is fully controlled by the state. The opponents of the US TNC system are exporting countries. They created the OPEC system, which defends the interests of the state in favor of oil self-sufficiency and independence.
World War II brought about changes in the oil positions of the mills. If before it the leading role was occupied by the United States and Venezuela, then after that the USSR, the Middle and North East joined the battle for the oil championship.
(Oil production in Saudi Arabia)
The oil industry remains the leader in terms of global consumption today. But which country is currently the leader in oil production, it is impossible to say for sure. According to OPEC indicators in 2015, the top five were: Saudi Arabia, Russia, the United States, China and Iraq.
Natural gas production is growing every year. Today, gas sources are almost equal in quantity to oil fields. In 1990, Eastern Europe and the USSR were the leaders in the extraction of this resource, later the countries of Western Europe and Asia began to produce gas. Today, Russia continues to lead the gas race and is the world's main gas exporter.
The coal industry is inherent in many countries of the world - 60. But only a few countries are the main coal miners - China, the USA, Russia, Germany, Poland, Ukraine and Kazakhstan. Coal exports are: USA, Australia and South Africa. And import - Japan and Western Europe.
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In the list of the 20 largest enterprises in Russia, almost half are oil companies. The largest companies in terms of profit: Gazprom, Rosneft, Surgutneftegaz, Lukoil, Tatneft, Rusneft, NOVATEK.
The oil and gas industry in our country is the main source of state budget revenues. Short review shows that the largest oil companies in Russia are operating at a profit, despite the fall in world prices for hydrocarbons. The list was compiled on the basis of Expert RA (RAEX) data, the rating is based on the amount of net profit for 2015 (Fig. 1).
1. PJSC Gazprom
- Legal address: Russia, Moscow (Gazprom Neft - St. Petersburg)
- Information about the owners. The Russian Federation owns a controlling stake - 50.2% of the global energy company, including 95.7% of the shares of the Gazprom Neft subsidiary. In American depositary receipts - 27.7%, and other persons - 22%.
- Capitalization -$44 billion as of December 2015 (MICEX - Moscow International Currency Exchange).
Gazprom produces 72% of gas in Russia, the share in world production is 11%. In terms of reserves, it ranks 1st in the world. It has a monopoly on the export of pipeline gas. Gazprom Neft ranks 4th in the production of liquid hydrocarbons, and is among the top three in terms of refining volume. The consolidation of Gazprom's assets was carried out by the Russian billionaire Alisher Usmanov, thanks to whom in 2007 the company entered the list of 100 largest companies in the world.
2. PJSC Surgutneftegaz
- Legal address: Russia, KhMAO, city of Surgut
- Information about the owners. Information about beneficial owners is not directly disclosed. In indirect sources, there is information that the main part belongs to to CEO Vladimir Bogdanov, but he never officially confirmed it. In the list of affiliated persons, he has only 0.3% of the shares.
- Capitalization -$18.2 billion as of December 31, 2016 (LSE - London Stock Exchange).
The company is engaged in oil and gas production in Western and Eastern Siberia, on the Timan-Pechora Ridge (67 fields in total). It is known for keeping most of its profits on deposits (at the end of 2014 - about 2 trillion rubles). Surgutneftegaz is not interested in the growth of shares, and pays very small dividends. He invests in non-core assets, is the owner of the air carrier UTair (75%).
3. PJSC NK Rosneft
- Legal address: Russia Moscow
- Information about the owners. As of December 2016, 50.1% belong to the Russian Federation (OJSC Rosneftegaz); 19.75% - British BP; 19.5 - joint consortium (Switzerland, Qatar); 7.5% - circulate in the form of global depositary notes.
- Capitalization -$57.6 billion as of December 31, 2016 (MICEX).
Rosneft entered the list of major oil companies in Russia after the purchase of TNK-BP (2012), one of the main owners of which was Mikhail Fridman. $54 billion was paid for the new assets, and 4 years later, the full cost of Rosneft dropped to this figure. In October 2015, as part of privatization, it acquired a 50.08% stake in NK Bashneft (state-owned), which in 2015 ranked first in terms of production growth (+11%).
4. PJSC Oil Company LUKOIL
- Legal address: Russia Moscow
- Information about the owners. For 2015, the company's managers consolidated more than 50% of the shares. The largest stake belongs to President Vagit Alekperov - 22.96%, Vice President Leonid Fedun - 9.78%. Subsidiary "Lukoil Investments Cyprus Ltd." owns 16.18%, the rest are in free float.
- Capitalization -$35.5 billion as of December 31, 2015 (according to LSE).
The structure of over 45 subsidiaries in almost 20 countries, including Iraq, Egypt, Iran, countries South America, Europe. In 2009, the Federal Antimonopoly Service ordered the FAS to pay a fine of 6.5 billion rubles for actions that led to an increase in wholesale prices for gasoline, kerosene and diesel fuel. In 2012, at the auction for the right to develop fields in the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug, the company paid almost 51 billion rubles, beating major competitors: Gazprom and Rosneft.
5. PJSC Tatneft im. V.D. Shashina
- Legal address: Russia, Republic of Tatarstan, city of Almetyevsk
- Information about the owners. The largest owner is the Government of Tatarstan - 35.9%, the Ministry of Land Property of the Republic of Tatarstan - 30.44%, Russian citizens own about 9% of the shares, 5% is owned by Taif LLC (controls over 95% of the petrochemistry and oil refining of Tatar oil).
- Capitalization -$9.8 billion as of December 31, 2015 (according to the company).
The main resource base of the company is located on the territory of Tatarstan. Outside the republic (Syria, Libya) in 2015, less than 1% of the volume was produced. Tatneft is actively developing refining production. Over the period from 2010 to 2015, the share of refining in relation to production increased from 0.8% to 34.1%. Nizhnekamsk Tire Plant, owned by the company, provides 72% of the total volume of all-steel steel tires produced in Russia.
6. PJSC NK RussNeft
- Legal address: Russia Moscow
- Information about the owners. According to the company, as of November 2016, 60% of the shares belong to Mikhail Gutseriev and his family, 25% to the Swiss trader Glencore, and 15% are in free float, traded on the MICEX.
- Capitalization -$2.5 billion as of November 25, 2016 (MICEX).
RussNeft is the only oil company in Russia, which was established in 2002, having nothing to do with privatization, but by consolidating the assets of a number of small enterprises. From 2006 to 2010, she was persecuted by the FAS. In November 2016, she held an IPO on the Moscow Exchange, placing a 20% stake, and raised about $500 million. It develops deposits in the Volga region, the Orenburg region, Azerbaijan, and Western Siberia (123 licenses in total).
7. PJSC Novatek
- Legal address: Russia Moscow
- Information about the owners. The founder of the company, Leonid Mikhelson, owns a 24.8% stake, 23.5% - oil trader Gennady Timchenko, Gazprom - 10%, 15% - Total E&P Arctic Russia.
- Capitalization -$28 billion as of April 22, 2016 (LSE).
The company has 36 licenses for gas fields in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, and is among the 5 largest companies in the world in terms of gas reserves. Currently, he is implementing a global project for the construction of a plant for the production of liquefied gas, from where it will be sent to China, Korea, and Japan. A cargo port is also being built there. About 22 thousand builders and 3.6 thousand units of equipment are employed in the construction of the complex.
In 2015, almost all the largest oil companies in Russia showed a decrease in net profit. Exceptions: Gazprom and Novatek: they have grown many times over.
Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Tatarstan
GAPOU "Leninogorsk Oil College"
Abstract on the topic:
"The main oil and gas provinces of Russia"
Completed by: student of group B-1-14
Lebedev Dmitry
Checked by: teacher of Geology
Badrtdinova. E.R
Plan
Introduction…………………………………………………………………………...1
1. The oil industry and its importance in the country's economy…………..3
2. The main oil and gas provinces of Russia. Features of the development and location of the oil refining industry…………………….4
3. Russian oil pipeline system………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
4. Contemporary Issues and the main directions for the further development and deployment of the oil industry in Russia…………………………………6
5. Environmental problems related to the extraction, transportation and processing of oil…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
List of used literature………………………………………………...12
Introduction
The oil industry is an integral part of the fuel and energy complex - a diversified system that includes the extraction and production of fuel, the production of energy (electricity and heat), the distribution and transport of energy and fuel.
Oil industry- a branch of heavy industry, including the exploration of oil and oil and gas fields, drilling of wells, production of oil and associated gas, pipeline transportation of oil.
Purpose of oil exploration- identification, geological and economic assessment and preparation for the work of industrial deposits. Oil exploration is carried out with the help of geological, geophysical, geochemical and drilling operations. The process of geological exploration is divided into two stages: prospecting and exploration. The first includes three stages: regional geological and geophysical work, preparation of areas for deep exploratory drilling and search for deposits. The second is completed by preparing the field for development.
Oil has been known for a long time. Archaeologists have established that it was mined and used as early as 5-6 thousand years BC. The most ancient crafts are known on the banks of the Euphrates, in Kerch, in the Chinese province of Sichuan. It is believed that the modern term "oil" comes from the word "nafata", which in the language of the peoples of Asia Minor means to seep. Oil is mentioned in many ancient manuscripts and books. In particular, the Bible already speaks of resin springs in the vicinity of the Dead Sea.
No problem, perhaps, worries humanity today as much as fuel. Fuel - the basis of energy, industry, Agriculture, transport. Human life is unthinkable without fuel.
Developing, humanity begins to use all new types of resources (atomic and geothermal energy, solar, tidal hydropower, wind and other non-traditional sources). However leading role in providing energy to all sectors of the economy fuel resources play today. This clearly reflects the "receipt part" of the fuel and energy balance.
The oil industry and its importance in the country's economy
The fuel and energy complex is closely connected with the entire industry of the country. More than 20% is spent on its development Money. The fuel and energy complex accounts for 30% of fixed assets and 30% of the cost industrial products Russia. It uses 10% of the products of the machine-building complex, 12% of the products of metallurgy, consumes 2/3 of the pipes in the country, provides more than half of the export of the Russian Federation and a significant amount of raw materials for the chemical industry. Its share in transportation is 1/3 of all cargo by rail, half of maritime transport and all transportation by pipelines.
The fuel and energy complex has a large regional function. The well-being of all Russian citizens is directly related to it, such problems as unemployment and inflation.
Highest value in the country's fuel industry have three industries: oil, gas and coal. The branches of the fuel and energy complex provide at least 60% of foreign exchange earnings to Russia, allow you to have a positive foreign trade balance, maintain the ruble exchange rate. Revenues to the country's budget from excises on oil and oil products are high. Velika the role of oil in politics. Regulation of oil supplies to neighboring countries is, in fact, an important argument in the dialogue with the new states.
Thus, oil is the wealth of Russia. The oil industry of the Russian Federation is closely connected with all sectors of the national economy and is of great importance for the Russian economy. Demand for oil always outstrips supply, therefore, practically all developed countries of the world are interested in the successful development of our oil industry.
For the economy of any country, oil is one of the most important products; it serves not only as a raw material for liquid motor fuel, but also as a source of a large number of valuable chemical products. Russia has significant oil resources - approximately 13% of all world oil reserves. Their estimated cost is more than 4.5 trillion. USD.
Russia ranks second in the world in terms of oil exports. Together with other leading oil suppliers, it is trying to solve the problem of how to deal with the decline in production.
Just like Venezuela and Mexico, Russia is highly dependent on oil - it provides the government with more than two-thirds of the income and accounts for 30% of the gross domestic product. Christian Science Monitor(full test on the site Inopressa.ru).
In the conditions of the market formation, large enterprises, which for the most part have retained the status of state associations, produce almost 95% of Russian oil. They are transformed into joint-stock companies or are included as subsidiaries into joint-stock companies with the state retaining a controlling stake. Currently, such oil joint-stock companies as LUKoil, Yukos, Surgutneftegaz, etc. are engaged in oil production.
The oil industry is an integral part of the fuel and energy complex.
The current level of civilization and technology would be unthinkable without the cheap and plentiful energy that oil. Oil is also a feedstock for the petrochemical industry, which produces plastics, synthetic fibers and many other organic compounds.
The oil industry is a branch of heavy industry, including exploration of oil and oil and gas fields, drilling of wells, production of oil and associated gas, pipeline transportation of oil. (1)
Oil production
The purpose of oil exploration is the identification, geological and economic assessment and preparation for the work of industrial deposits. Oil exploration is carried out with the help of geological, geophysical, geochemical and drilling operations. The process of geological exploration is divided into two stages: prospecting and exploration. The first includes three stages: regional geological and geophysical work, preparation of areas for deep exploratory drilling and search for deposits. The second one ends with the preparation of the deposit for development.
According to the degree of exploration, the deposits are divided into four groups:
- A) Detailed explored deposits.
- C) previously explored deposits.
C1) Poorly explored deposits.
C2) The boundaries of the deposits are not defined.
To date, the main problem of geologists is insufficient funding, so now the exploration of new deposits has been partially suspended. Potentially, according to experts, exploration can give the Russian Federation an increase in reserves from 700 million to 1 billion tons per year, which covers their consumption due to production (in 1993, 342 million tons were produced).
However, in reality the situation is different. We have already extracted more than 45 percent of what is contained in the developed fields. Moreover, oil is extracted from the best deposits that require minimal production costs. The average production rate of wells is continuously decreasing. The rate of development of oil reserves in Russia is 3-5 times higher than the corresponding figure for Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, Venezuela, and Kuwait. Such rates of production led to a sharp reduction in proven reserves. And the problem here is not so much in the slow exploration of new deposits, but in the irrational exploitation of existing ones. Large losses during production and transportation, aging technologies have caused a whole range of problems in the oil industry. (1)
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