The son of Catherine II and Peter III ascended the throne at the age of 41. He spent large number reforms that weakened the position of the nobility and improved the position of the peasants. To avoid revolution, he banned the import foreign literature and study abroad. He actively fought the nascent French Empire, changed the order of succession to the throne (after him, power was transferred from father to son). In 1798 he was proclaimed Master of the Order of Malta, after which difficult relations with Britain began (Malta was part of it). It is believed that it was representatives of Britain who organized the murder of Paul in 1801.
At the beginning of the reign of Paul I, copper coins of a new type, introduced by Catherine II, were re-minted. They exactly repeated the coins of the 1763 model and had the monogram of Catherine II. This was done in connection with the return of the old foot (16 rubles per pood). Since 1797, coins with the monogram of Paul I have been minted in denominations from half a half to 2 kopecks. Silver 5 kopecks repeated their design, and large coins (ruble, half and half-fifty) had a monogram of four letters “P” on the front side and with an inscription on the back (since 1798 their weight was reduced). A test silver efimok is also known. 5 rubles and a chervonets were minted from gold coins, which were then abolished.
Of the gold coins under Paul I, only 5 rubles and a chervonets were issued. 5 rubles, issued from 1798 to 1801, had only one type: with a monogram on the front side and an inscription on the back, under the inscription were the letters of the mint and the initials of the mintmaster. Chervonets of 1796 have a coat of arms, and 1797 - a monogram of Paul I, on the reverse side there is an inscription. Subsequently, the issue of chervonets was completely stopped.
In 1796, rubles weighing 29 grams with a coat of arms on the front side were minted at the temporary Bank Mint; in 1797, the emperor’s monogram took the place of the coat of arms. Since 1798, the weight has been reduced to 20.7 grams, but the design has not changed. All rubles, except “bank” rubles, have the letters of the mint and the initials of the mintmaster.
The 1797 half coins weighed 14 grams and were called “weighted”. Since 1798, the weight has been reduced to 10 grams, while the designs remain the same: a monogram on the front side and an inscription indicating the mint and the initials of the Mintzmeister on the back.
Like other silver coins of Paul I, the nickels of 1797 are distinguished by a higher mass, almost one and a half times higher than later issues. The designs and inscriptions on the coins are identical, with the exception of the indication of the mint and the initials of the mintmaster. Copper nickels were not issued under Paul I.
The largest copper coins of the Pavlovian era. Minted according to the weight standard of Catherine's time (16 rubles per pood) from 1797 to 1801 without changes appearance. The emperor's monogram is placed on the front side, and the denomination and mint letters are on the reverse side.
It is known that Paul I avoided depicting his portrait on coins; it can only be seen on test rubles. Another version of the trial ruble differs from the usual one by depicting the coat of arms inside the monogram (instead of the number I). But the most interesting are the attempts to establish the minting of silver coins of a new denomination - efimkas with a weight close to the weight of rubles.
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Heir of Catherine II, Paul I(1796-1801), canceled many of her decrees.
Domestic policy of Paul 1
In 1797, the principle of succession to the throne through the male line was returned, the “Charter of Grant to the Nobility” was abolished, the decree on three-day corvée (only three days a week a landowner can use peasants for corvee work), and the decree prohibiting the sale of courtyard people and serfs without land. In 1798, merchants were allowed to buy peasants for factories with and without land. In 1799 - a decree abolishing provincial noble assemblies.
Foreign policy of Paul 1
Foreign policy turned out to be inconsistent. Paul I joined the anti-French alliance (England, Austria, Türkiye). According to joint agreements, the troops of Paul I were to take part in the following major military campaigns:
- Trekking in the Netherlands (1798). 45 thousand soldiers were sent to restore its independence. The company was conducted entirely in the interests of England. It ended in complete failure of the Anglo-Russian troops. About 7 thousand Russian soldiers died.
- Italian campaign A.V. Suvorova (1798-1799): liberation of Northern Italy from French rule. As a result, Northern Italy was liberated from the French.
- Swiss campaign A.V. Suvorov (1799), access to the borders of France (transition of the Russian army through the Alps). Near Zurich, Rimsky-Korsakov's army was defeated. Austria benefited from this campaign, but at the hands of Russia.
- Mediterranean campaign of the Russian fleet under the command of Admiral F.F. Ushakova (1798-1800). In 1798, Paul 1 signed an agreement with the Turks that the Russian fleet could freely pass through the straits into the Mediterranean Sea. The main victory was the capture of the fortress on the island. Corfu, Ionian Islands. In addition, the Russian fleet fought in the area of Naples and Palermo in Italy.
The birth of the emperor's silver ruble took place in difficult economic conditions. Russo-Turkish War, as well as the war with Poland, Persia and Sweden, required the treasury to increase military spending, which depleted the empire’s budget.
1 ruble 1796, trial edition
History of origin The first ruble under Emperor Paul I began in November 1796, when Count Samoilov, who held the position of Prosecutor General, invited the St. Petersburg Mint to make a stamp for a silver ruble. When the coin was presented, it did not receive the approval of the emperor. Karl Leberecht "C.L.F." was the author of the stamp, minted in St. Petersburg “S.P.B.”
Metal silver.
On the obverse shows the profile of Paul I facing to the right.
Inscriptions on the obverse:
- along the circumference "B.M.PAVEL.I.IMP.ISAMOD.ALL RUSSIA";
- on the shoulder cut “C.L.F.”;
- at the base of the portrait "S.P.B." .
On reverse in the center there is a double-headed eagle with an orb and a scepter, and on the sides there are four letters “P” at the base of which is the Roman numeral I, and on top is the imperial crown.
Inscriptions on the reverse:
- along the circumference “COIN RUBLE 1796”.
Weight 24 g. Diameter 39 mm.
edge cord-like.
1 ruble 1796, circulation up to 50,000
A few days after the appearance of the trial ruble, the Tsar was presented bank coin, with an image on one side of a double-headed eagle characteristic of the second half of the 18th century and the motto of the Templar Order on the other. There was no price put on them - this was borrowed from the minting of chervonets. Minted by the St. Petersburg Mint.
Metal silver 868. Chemically pure metal – 25.3 g.
On the obverse– coat of arms Russian Empire in the form of a double-headed eagle with a scepter and orb, on the chest there is a shield with St. George on horseback striking a serpentine dragon with a spear. The shield is surrounded by the chain of St. Andrew the First-Called.
Inscriptions on the obverse:
- at the top "1796";
- at the eagle’s paws “BM” is a bank coin.
On reverse
Inscriptions on the reverse:
- in the frame “NOT FOR US, NOT FOR US, BUT FOR YOUR NAME.”
Weight– 29.18 g. Diameter 41 mm.
edge
1 ruble 1797, circulation – 920,101
On January 20, 1797, a manifesto was published, which proclaimed the coinage more advanced coin, the weight of the coin is compared to the thaler that was used in Baltic trade. The heavyweight ruble was minted in St. Petersburg.
Metal silver 868. Chemically pure metal – 25.38 g.
On the obverse
Inscriptions on the obverse:
- from below along the circumference it is divided by the crowns “RUBLE”, “1797”.
On reverse– a double square frame with an inscription surrounded by a pattern on four sides.
Inscriptions on the reverse:
- in the lower right corner of the frame “F.Ts.” – Mintsmeister Fedor Tsetreus.
Weight– 29.25 g. Diameter 41 mm.
edge cord-shaped with a slant to the left.
Ruble 1798-1801, circulation up to 8 million.
Due to the shortage of silver and the presence in circulation of two silver rubles, which differed in weight, another manifesto was issued on October 3, 1797, which approves production standards of 20.73 g of silver. Such coins were produced from 1798 to 1801.
Metal silver 868. Chemically pure metal – 18.0 g.
On the obverse– in the center is the Roman numeral “I”, it is surrounded by a monogram of four letters “P”, which are connected by their bases into a cross. Above each letter is an imperial crown.
Inscriptions on the obverse:
- at the top along the circumference it is divided by the crowns “COIN”, “PRICE”;
- from below along the circumference it is divided by the crowns “RUBLE”, “1801.”.
On reverse– a double square frame with an inscription surrounded by a pattern on four sides.
Circumferentially on both sides there is an edging with protruding notches.
Inscription on the reverse:
- in the frame “NOT FOR US, NOT FOR US, BUT FOR YOUR NAME.”;
- in the lower left corner of the frame “S.M.” – St. Petersburg coin;
-
in the lower right corner of the frame:
"M.B." – mintmaster Mikhail Bobrovshchikov 1798-1799;
"A.I." –Alexey Ivanov 1799-1801;
"F.C." –Fedor Cetraeus 1799 and 1801;
"O.M." –Osip Meijer 1800-1801.
Weight– 20.73 g. Diameter 37 mm. edge with an inscription.
Coin value
The price of the silver ruble of Paul 1 depends primarily on its circulation and the minister who issued the coin. With an increase in circulation, which reached up to 3 million annually, as in the case of rubles from 1798 to 1801, prices for them will not be high. All prices are based on VF coin condition.
- Bank ruble 1796 – 3,600 USD;
- Heavy ruble 1797 – 2,050 USD;
- 1798 to 1800 – 180 USD;
- 1801 –180 USD "A.I.", 230 USD "F.Ts.", and 410 USD "O.M."
But most expensive The test ruble of Paul 1 from 1796 is considered - its price at auction reaches 45 thousand dollars.
Is your coin original?
So as not to be deceived When buying a coin or in your hands, first of all compare all its indicators, such as weight, diameter, thickness, mass, metal. Check whether the reverse and obverse correspond to the year of minting, the mintmaster, carefully examine the edge and in which direction the notches are located. At the slightest dissimilarity, you should think about its originality.
Video
We recommend that you watch the video, in which you can get acquainted briefly history of rubles 1798-1801, find out about price changes depending on the degree of preservation of the coin. You will also be told its main characteristics.
Remember to save your money and don't fall for a fake, the only reliable way- which will quickly and surely establish its real value and authenticity. If the coin is not a fake, the company will offer .
An experienced numismatist knows well that not only old money or items from the USSR, for example, from 1961, can be rare and expensive, but also some modern varieties deserve attention. Our resource will try to help in identifying them and determining their financial value. By the way, most of the coins of Russia, which are rare and sold at various auctions for decent money (the cost reaches tens and even hundreds of rubles), were in circulation quite recently. They walked a long way, saw many hands and, accordingly, wallets, and only then came to the attention of numismatists.
How to find valuable specimens: their cost
In the 90s (first half) of the 20th century, all metal money disappeared from circulation. The fact is that in a short time the material used for their manufacture began to cost more than the nominal value of the product. Naturally, many people did not throw them away, but simply put them aside. specific place and pushed it into the far corner onto the shelves. It's a shame to throw it away, but you can't use it. Some residents of the country have quite a lot of such treasures, and among them there are also very rare coins, the price of which is tens or even hundreds of times higher than the actual denomination. Of course, the chance of finding such a specimen is not that great, but it is there. The main thing is to know what exactly to look for. In fact, there are quite a lot of Russian banknotes made of metal that today can be sold for a very good amount. On the website you will find a special table with prices and you will be able to independently determine the amount of remuneration, provided that this option is available to you.
What to look for: the cost of individual coins
As an example, we will talk about several varieties and their prices.
- 20 and 10 rubles, year of manufacture 1993, copper-nickel non-magnetic alloy - they can be sold for 10-40 thousand rubles. The main edition was produced on steel, magnetic blanks (detected using a regular magnet when searching).
- 20 rub. 1993 with the inscription LMD - estimated at RUR 100,000. rub.
- Ruble denomination (1, 2, 5), issued in 2001-2003. – over 10,000 rub.
- 5 kopecks and 5 rubles. 1999 – 300,000 rubles.
There are a number of other varieties that are valuable due to the absence of seemingly insignificant details. If you don’t know about them, then the average person doesn’t look at it at all. You can find out which of the coins in your wallet can be sold profitably and make good money on them, and see photos of each on the website of the Numismatic store. In addition, most of them are still actively used and can be obtained for change. Therefore, we recommend periodically studying what comes into your hands.
25 rubles (Olympic), issued between 2012 and 2014, deserve special attention. Visually, they differ in execution options, but all of them, except in terms of price, significantly exceed the declared face value. That is, each individual such lot will cost several thousand.
The search for expensive metal samples of banknotes in everyday life is still relevant today. Many of them are still in active use and have not fallen into the hands of experts. A simple man in the street, firstly, does not pay attention to what he has, and secondly, he does not know what he needs to look for and where. Therefore, look through the contents of your piggy bank, and do not forget to pay attention to what is in your pocket or wallet.
Determining Value
Have you found the coin you need and want to know how much it really costs? Contact our specialists who will help you in this matter. It is enough to send a high-quality photo in a convenient way, and we will provide you with detailed information. Several factors influence the final price:
- quality indicators of coinage;
- visible embossing defects;
- possible damage (holes, chips, obvious signs of previous cleaning, etc.).
For experienced numismatists and collectors, there is another option. Just visit our store and you will find a lot of interesting things for yourself. From us you can purchase not only rare and valuable coins from various periods of issue, in particular times Tsarist Russia, which are in the catalog, but also other, no less interesting lots, for example, gift sets, accessories, books, notes, etc. They will definitely become the highlight of your collection. To make it easier to navigate the offers, we took care of structuring the resource and the materials presented on it. If you wish, you can always chat with professionals on the forum.
Contact us and we will be happy to help!
After the death of Catherine II, her son Pavel I Petrovich ascended the throne. Paul I is a peculiar and tragic figure on the Russian throne. For a long time, researchers, based on the evidence of contemporaries, presented Paul I as an unbalanced despot on the throne, whose entire reign boiled down to the demand to ban the wearing of French hats and the use of the word “citizen.” Recently, interest in this mysterious person has arisen in historical science. New documents were discovered, and contrasting opinions of contemporaries about Paul I were compared. The latest research suggests that Paul I and his father Peter III are the most slandered figures on the Russian throne; Paul I as a person is much deeper than is commonly believed, and his activities can no longer be painted only in dark colors.
Paul I, the son of Emperor Peter III and Empress Catherine II, was born in 1754. Since 1760, Count N.I. became his main educator. Panin. From the age of four, Pavel began to be taught literacy, history, geography, mathematics, foreign languages and other sciences. By nature he was gifted, kind, and warm-hearted. Count N.I. From childhood, Panin instilled in Paul thoughts of his high destiny and prepared him for the throne. Even as a child, Pavel had to endure severe shocks: the death of his father Peter III at the hands of his mother’s favorites, the uprising of E.I. Pugachev, posing as his father. His father Peter III was dethroned and strangled when Paul was 7 years old. Catherine tried to convince little Pavel that his father was an empty, worthless person. But...Paul loved his father for who he was. Over time, Paul developed a cult of his father - a martyr, which he would carry throughout his life.
In 1771, Pavel turned 17 years old. He became an adult and waited for his mother to hand over the throne to him. Catherine, in 1773, married Paul to the Hesse-Darmstadt princess Wilhelmina, named Natalya Alekseevna in Orthodoxy. Three years later, Natalya Alekseevna died from childbirth. In 1776, Catherine remarried Paul to Princess Sophia of Württemberg - Dorothea, who converted to Orthodoxy under the name Maria Feodorovna. Maria Fedorovna was a woman of amazing beauty and extraordinary spiritual qualities, who adored her husband and dedicated her life to him. Among European monarchical houses, the Romanovs were famous for their beauty. The Romanovs owe this beauty to Maria Feodorovna. Maria Feodorovna was the niece of the Prussian king Frederick II the Great. Pavel Petrovich met the Prussian king personally. Prussia at this time was becoming a strong state, its army was one of the strongest in Europe. Pavel Petrovich became an admirer of the Prussian king and his military system.
Paul was waiting for the throne, and Catherine II gave the couple the villages of Gatchina and Pavlovsk and removed them from St. Petersburg. Pavel with his wife and courtyard settles in Pavlovsk and Gatchina. Here the crown prince began to live as a recluse and create his own world. The cavalry cuirassier regiment of His Imperial Highness the heir to the Tsarevich, an infantry battalion, a horse artillery company and half a company of sailors were transferred here. Paul began to create his own army. He abolished the field service and naval regulations of the Russian army and introduced the Prussian regulations of 1760, which did not correspond to the spirit and traditions of the Russian army. Pavel Petrovich dressed his army in uncomfortable Prussian uniforms, armed him with long-barreled weapons, and strict discipline was established in the troops. Troop training, parades, and reviews were held in Gatchina in any weather.
But Pavel Petrovich not only drills his army, but also writes discussions on public administration and sends them to Catherine II. At a time when Catherine II's favorite G.A. Potemkin is hatching a grandiose “Greek project” about the revival of the Ottoman Empire in the European part Byzantine Empire with its capital in Constantinople under Russian protectorate, the Tsarevich calls on Catherine not to expand the borders of the state, but to improve the internal structure. These arguments of Pavel Petrovich were a challenge to the plans of Catherine II and her entourage. Any attempts by Paul to take any part in government administration were suppressed by Catherine II in every possible way. She showed contempt for her son, and the courtiers imitated her in this. And when at the age of 42 he received the throne, he was inexperienced in matters of public administration. He was a bright, courageous, decisive personality, but his inexperience was taken advantage of by his inner circle, foreign diplomats, and rulers. This probably explained the inconsistency and contradictions of his internal and foreign policy.
In 1777, Pavel gave birth to his desired first-born, Alexander. At Catherine's request, the baby was taken away from his mother and father and given to the care of special educators. Pavel and Maria Feodorovna were allowed to visit the child on certain days and hours. So other children were taken from their parents: Konstantin, Nikolai, Mikhail, all daughters. Pavel was insulted as a father, as a husband, as a family man. The elder Alexander became the crowned grandmother's favorite. She began to prepare him for the throne after herself. Catherine shared her plans with Alexander. But Alexander loved his father and told him everything.
November 6, 1796 Catherine II died. 42-year-old Pavel I Petrovich ascended the throne. He was separated from the throne by many years of humiliation, ridicule, and contempt from his mother and her entourage.
Domestic policy of Paul I
Paul I began to reign by abruptly breaking his mother's rules. The decrees followed one after another, as if the emperor knew that he had a short sentence.
First of all, Paul removed the ashes of his father Peter III from the grave, dressed him in imperial robes, crowned him, then placed his father’s coffin next to his mother’s coffin for farewell. A month later, in accordance with the court ceremony, Paul I buried Catherine II and Peter III in the Peter and Paul Cathedral as Russian emperors. At the same time, rumors began to spread throughout St. Petersburg that the emperor was mad. Why, 34 years later, did he disturb the ashes of his father? Who needs it? There is another explanation for this act of Paul I: he loved his father, and did not allow his contemporaries to throw mud at his father’s name for history.
Then Paul I generously rewarded his associates who shared with him many years of seclusion in Gatchina: A.A. Arakcheev, Count P.A. Palena, I.P. Kutaisova and others. Proxies of Paul I were appointed to key positions in the state and favorites and proteges of Catherine II were removed.
On the day of his coronation, April 5, 1797, he issued the most significant decree on succession to the throne during his reign, “The Establishment of the Imperial Family.” This decree abolished Peter I's law on succession to the throne "Truth of the Will of Monarchs" and established a "natural" right of inheritance. For the first time in Russian history, Paul I established a firm and unshakable order of succession to the throne. From now on, only a descendant of the ruler in the male line could take the throne. A woman could only be a regent (temporary ruler) for a young heir. Women received the throne only if there were no more male representatives of the dynasty. The “Establishment” also determined the composition of the imperial family and the hierarchical seniority of its members. The “institution” was changed and clarified by Alexander III in 1886 and existed until 1917.
The main direction in the domestic policy of Paul I was the strengthening and elevation of the principle of autocracy and the centralization of government of the country. First, the highest institutions in the state were reorganized, since many of them by this time no longer corresponded to their purpose. In 1769, Catherine II created Her Imperial Majesty's Council as an advisory body. It has not been convened for a long time and has lost its significance. In 1796, Paul I restored it and gave it the status of the Highest State. Before this, the Council consisted of seven people. Now, 17 more new persons have been added to the seven members of the Council: the heir to the throne Alexander Pavlovich, the state treasurer, the prosecutor general, the St. Petersburg and Moscow governor general. Members of the State Council concentrated in their hands all the threads of government. The Council convened regularly 2-3 times a month. The most important issues in the life of the state were presented for its consideration: about the budget, about the state of industry and trade, about the annexation of Georgia, about trade with Persia, Khiva and China.
Then the emperor began to reform the highest judicial body - the Senate. By this time, the Senate was burdened with many small matters and could not cope with current affairs. In 1796, a new regulation on the Senate was approved. The number of Senate departments increased, the number of senators doubled, and new rules and forms of office work were introduced aimed at speeding up decisions in criminal and administrative cases. These activities soon brought results. By early 1800, the Senate had completed consideration of all outstanding cases.
Paul I reformed the "eye of the sovereign" - the prosecutor's office. The prosecutor's office has become the main body supervising military, financial, administrative, police, judicial and other matters. He endowed prosecutors at all levels with special trust, which allowed them to exert great influence on public administration.
Military reform. Paul's real passion was the army. He paid great attention to her. By the end of the 18th century. The Russian army was one of the largest armies in Europe, and there was an urgent need to reorganize its recruitment, management, supplies and weapons. Paul I began reforms in the army with the Military Collegium. The Military Collegium was relieved of administrative, economic and judicial functions. From now on, it was supposed to deal with recruitment, armament, combat and drill training of troops, uniforms and food for personnel, operational and tactical control of the army. In order to eradicate widespread embezzlement in the army, the emperor created an audit department in the Military Collegium, giving it broad control and audit powers. In order to strengthen control over the army, Paul I introduced monthly reports of units and divisions, the Military Collegium. Paul I conducted an audit of the personnel of the army. All officers were ordered to report for duty immediately. As a result, all junior officers, all of whom were formally in service, were dismissed from the army, and the practice of long-term leave was stopped. This caused irritation in wide circles of officers, but made it possible to put regiments and units in order and reduce payments from the budget for the maintenance of the officer corps.
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