Words, phrases, phrases and sentences - all this and much more is inherent in the concept of “language”. How much is hidden in it, and how little we actually know about language! We spend every day and even every minute next to him - whether we say our thoughts out loud or read or listen to the radio... Language, our speech is a real art, and it should be beautiful. And its beauty must be genuine. What helps in the search for true beauty
The direct and figurative meaning of words is what enriches our language, develops it and transforms it. How does this happen? Let's understand this endless process when, as they say, words grow from words.
First of all, you need to understand the figurative meaning of the word, and what main types they are divided into. Each word can have one or a number of meanings. Words with one meaning are called unambiguous words. In the Russian language there are significantly fewer of them than words with many different meanings. Examples include words such as computer, ash, satin, sleeve. A word that can be used in several meanings, including figuratively, is a polysemantic word, examples: house can be used to mean a building, a room for people to live, a family way of life, etc.; the sky is the air space above the earth, as well as the location of visible luminaries, or divine power, conduction.
With polysemy, a distinction is made between the literal and figurative meaning of a word. The first meaning of the word, its basis, is the direct meaning of the word. By the way, the word “straight” in this context is figurative in nature, i.e. the main meaning of the word is “something even,
without bends” - is transferred to another object or phenomenon with the meaning “literal, expressed unambiguously.” So we don’t have to go far - we just need to be more careful and observant in what words we use, when and how.
From the above example it already becomes clear that a figurative meaning is a secondary meaning of a word that arose when the literal meaning of the word was transferred to another object. Depending on what feature of the object served as the reason for the transfer of meaning, there are different types of figurative meaning such as metonymy, metaphor, synecdoche.
Direct and can resonate with each other based on similarity - this is a metaphor. For example:
ice water - ice hands (by attribute);
poisonous mushroom - poisonous character (by attribute);
star in the sky - star in hand (by location);
chocolate candy - chocolate tan (based on color).
Metonymy is the selection in a phenomenon or object of some property, which by its nature can replace the others. For example:
gold jewelry - she has gold in her ears;
porcelain dishes - there was porcelain on the shelves;
headache - my headache went away.
And finally, synecdoche is a type of metonymy when one word is replaced by another on the basis of a constant, really existing relationship of part to whole and vice versa. For example:
He is a real head (meaning very smart, the head is the part of the body in which the brain is located).
The entire village took his side - every resident, i.e. the “village” as a whole, which replaces its part.
What can we say in conclusion? Only one thing: if you know the direct and figurative meaning of a word, you will be able not only to use certain words correctly, but also enrich your speech, and learn to beautifully convey your thoughts and feelings, and maybe one day you will come up with your own metaphor or metonymy... Who knows?
15.1 Write an essay-reasoning, revealing the meaning of the statement of the famous linguist Dmitry Nikolaevich Shmelev: “The figurative meaning of a word enriches our language, develops and transforms it.”
In the Russian language, along with unambiguous words, there are a huge number of words that have not one, but two or more meanings. If you look into Dictionary, then you can be sure that there are even more such words than unambiguous ones. Of course, this is no coincidence. Polysemantic words add expressiveness to speech. A joke like a pun is based on the use of different meanings of one polysemantic word; The figurative meaning of the word allows you to make your statement brighter.
For example, in L. Panteleev’s text in sentence 11 we read about how a pile of flat cakes “melted.” This word is used in the figurative meaning of “decreased in size,” and we can easily imagine this picture: a bunch of flat cakes becomes smaller and smaller, and then they disappear altogether.
In sentence 20, the author writes about the boy that his lips “jumped.” This is also a word with a figurative meaning. As we read, we immediately understand that the new guy is almost crying with anger and resentment, he is so shocked by the actions of the guys.
Words with a figurative meaning are often used in fiction as a means of expression.
15.2 Write an argumentative essay. Explain how you understand the meaning of sentences 47-49 of the text: “You know, Lyonka, you’re great,” said the Japanese, blushing and sniffling. - Forgive us, please. I say this not only on my own behalf, I speak on behalf of the whole class.”
The action of the book “Republic of SHKID” takes place in a colony. The guys who got there are, of course, not angels. Most of them stole on the street so as not to die of hunger, and some of their habits remained at that moment, which is described in the episode with the stolen flatbreads.
But the new Panteleev was more honest than the others: it seemed dishonest to him to steal from a blind old woman, so the other colonists beat him, and the director, without understanding, punished Panteleev, because he did not deny his guilt.
The other colonists felt ashamed. That is why the Japanese blushed when he asked Lyonka for forgiveness. The guys suddenly realized that it was possible to live more honestly than they did: not to offend the weak, not to shift the blame onto others. This is stated in the words of the Japanese (in sentences 40 - 42). But going to the director and confessing is still too heroic an act for guys who are not used to living honestly. As a result, no one supports the Japanese proposal, but still the guys felt guilty and agreed with the apology. Therefore, Lyonka made peace with the guys (sentence 51-52).
15.3 How do you understand the meaning of the word CONSCIENCE?
Conscience is what allows a person to be human, a sense of the rightness or wrongness of an action, a kind of compass. Anyone who has a conscience understands how to act and how not to, and he tries to avoid bad actions even if no one will know about them.
Conscience helps us evaluate ourselves. Unfortunately, not everyone has a conscience. Some people think that she causes only problems: she reproaches, does not give peace, but a person strives for happiness and peace. It also happens that someone’s conscience has not yet been properly formed. For example, in this text we see children who did not listen to their conscience, because it rather hindered them when they lived on the street and were forced to steal and cheat so as not to die of hunger. But Lyonka’s honest act first shocked them and caused aggression, and then forced them to awaken best feelings. They felt ashamed, which means that they became a little better than they were before.
Conscience makes a person feel ashamed for others if they do something bad. I came across such an example in literature - in the story “Doll” by E. Nosov. The hero of this story, Akimych, is ashamed of those people who pass by a mutilated doll and do not pay attention to this disgrace. He buries the doll and says: “You can’t bury everything.” I think he means that unscrupulous people, with the silent connivance of others, have already committed a lot of evil, it is already difficult to correct it. The author calls on those in whom conscience is still alive not to get used to bad things, but to try to correct them.
Conscience is the core in a person’s soul.
15.1. Write an essay-reasoning, revealing the meaning of the statement of the famous linguist Dmitry Nikolaevich Shmelev: “The figurative meaning of a word enriches our language, develops and transforms it.”
To express their thoughts, people do not always use clear words. In the Russian language there are words that have several meanings. These words sometimes help to convey a thought more accurately or influence the interlocutor. There are many such words. The ability to correctly use ambiguous words makes speech more vivid and a person more interesting.
In this excerpt from the work “Republic of SHKID” there is a word that L. Panteleev used in a figurative meaning - “a pile of delicious flatbreads on a platter melted” (11). Here the word “melt” helps to imagine how quickly food disappears from the blind old woman’s plate. Usually this word is used in relation to objects that quickly change from one state to another. The author, using a word with a figurative meaning, wanted to emphasize the acute hunger that the orphans feel, their constant desire to eat at least something. Thanks to this description, the scene of the theft of flatbreads turned out to be emotional; the reader feels not only anger for the offended old woman, but also pity for the children who just wanted to enjoy the yummy food. The author expressed the hero’s indignation at the actions of his comrades by describing his lips, which “jumped around” (20).
The use of polysemantic words develops the language, enriches people’s speech and makes literary works very interesting.
There are many such words in the Russian language, and they are often used in literature as effective way to give the works expressiveness and expressiveness.
15.2. Write an argumentative essay. Explain how you understand the meaning of sentences 47-49 of the text: “You know, Lyonka, you’re great,” said the Japanese, blushing and sniffling. - Forgive us, please. I say this not only on my own behalf, I speak on behalf of the whole class.”
"Republic of SHKID" talks about life in a children's colony, in which the most well-mannered and exemplary people gathered - the children there are not angels. The times were harsh, naturally, all the vices of society in such periods are most reflected in the fate of the most vulnerable representatives of society - children. Before arriving in the colony, many of the boys were engaged in theft, but they retained such positive qualities as empathy and justice.
Among these guys, the author singles out Lyonka - he was the most honest. He did not tolerate rudeness and considered it dishonest to take food from a blind man: “Tell me - what heroes: the old woman was attacked!” (21). For these words, his comrades force-fed him stolen flatbreads and then beat him. The boy also suffered from the director, who mistook him for a thief. Panteleev turned out to be not only honest, but also faithful and decent person. He did not hand over his offenders to the director.
The young hero’s perseverance earned him recognition from other kids. Their Japanese leader shamed his comrades: “Still, guys, this is rudeness...” (40). He was ready to go to the director and tell the truth, although others did not support him. Lenka’s action excited the team, the guys appreciated it positively.
Panteleev was released, and the Japanese apologized to him, and reconciliation took place (52).
15.3. How do you understand the meaning of the word conscience?
Conscience is a certain criterion for assessing the essence of a person. The presence of conscience allows a person to be called a human being. Conscience makes it possible to evaluate one's words and actions and determine their correctness.
If a person has a conscience, then he cannot commit illegal and immoral acts. Conscience does not allow a person to steal, lie to others, or be rude. Conscience is a moral compass for a person. A conscientious person has a positive influence on the people around him.
In the book “The Republic of SHKID”, the conscientious Panteleev at first, with his privateness, irritated his peers, for whom this criterion had not yet been properly formed. The boy's action has a positive effect on children. Later they realized that Panteleev was a true friend and it was his conscience that did not allow him to betray his comrades.
If previously they did not listen to the voice of conscience and stole cakes from a blind man, then in the future they will listen to the reasonable words of a friend. Next time they will think about the consequences of their actions. Conscience is formed in a person gradually, this helps him evaluate himself, his words and actions.
Unfortunately, not every person has a conscience. Some people believe that conscience today does not help one live, but only creates problems. They even believe that modern society conscience only causes discomfort in life. Therefore, they ignore their inner voice, they can pass by an elderly person who needs help, lie to friends, and do not repay the debt. Unscrupulous people do a lot of harm, but indifferent people are even more dangerous. It is with their silent connivance that many bad deeds are committed. Conscientious people do not let us get used to evil; they encourage us to correct our mistakes.
Among the variety of means artistic expression In the Russian language, the figurative meaning of the word occupies a special place. Such words help to express thoughts more accurately, make speech brighter and more emotional.
In the text by L. Panteleev there is a phrase that conveys the words of one of the heroes of the Japanese story: “Still, guys, this is rudeness,” the Japanese fumed.” The author uses the verb “boiled” in a figurative sense so that readers feel how outraged the hero is, eager to restore justice. In sentence 11 we encounter the verb “melted”. The figurative meaning of the word helps to understand how quickly the cakes disappeared from the old woman’s dish.
Additionally, the effect of using figurative meaning is used to create various tropes. With their help, metaphors are formed and epithets arise. The text by L. Panteleev tells how the school director reacted to the beating of a student by his comrades. He calls it a "wild" way of outrage. The epithet "wild" conveys negative attitude teacher to fight.
From all that has been said, we can conclude that the statement of Dmitry Nikolaevich Shmelev is true. “The figurative meaning of a word enriches our language, develops and transforms it.”
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