Abdominal cavity. Location and anatomy of the human abdominal organs Hollow abdominal organs

Sooner or later, every person begins to think about why it hurts in one side or the other and where the appendix is ​​located. Knowing the exact location of the abdominal organs, you will communicate with the doctor much faster, especially if this communication takes place over the telephone, and you will be able to provide first aid to the patient long before the doctors arrive.

What is the abdominal cavity?

In medicine, this term refers to the space under the diaphragm in which the insides are located. The walls of the retroperitoneal space are covered with a serous membrane, which extends to all the insides. The lower region of the peritoneum smoothly passes into the pelvis.

The natural physiology and anatomy of the abdominal organs and sternum of any healthy person are designed in such a way that their surfaces do not rub against each other. This is due to the presence of serous fluid and the epithelial layer. The organs of the abdominal and thoracic cavities are separated from each other by the diaphragm.

Location of abdominal organs

Doctors know three possible options for the location of the insides of the peritoneum and retroperitoneal space:

• Extraperitoneal. In this case, the peritoneum covers only the anterior part of the internal organ. The best example of this arrangement is the kidneys.
• Mesoperitoneal. This arrangement of the abdominal organs implies the presence of one side of the viscera not covered by the serous membrane. The best example is the liver.
• Intraperitoneal, which is characterized by comprehensive envelopment of the organ by the peritoneum. The most striking example of such an arrangement can be considered the small intestine.

What organs are located in the abdominal cavity?

On the left, under the diaphragm, is the stomach, which is a pouch-like extension of the digestive tract. The volume of this organ depends on the degree of its fullness. This is where the accumulation and initial digestion of food occurs.

At the back, just below the stomach, is the pancreas, which belongs to the digestive system. It is endowed with the function of external secretion. During its operation, pancreatic juice is released, containing many digestive enzymes. In addition, the pancreas performs internal secretion functions, due to which carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism occurs.

On the right, under the diaphragm, is the liver, which is responsible for cleansing the body. It consists of two lobes. The size of the right lobe is much larger than the size of the left. The liver belongs to the category of vital organs. Its functions include removing allergens, toxins and other unnecessary substances from the body. In addition, the liver takes part in the digestive processes and provides human body glucose.

The anatomy of the human abdominal cavity is designed in such a way that in the lower part of the liver is located gallbladder. This is where the viscous greenish liquid called bile is concentrated.

In the upper left part, behind the stomach, is the spleen, which has the shape of a flattened and elongated hemisphere. This organ performs immune and hematopoietic functions. The spleen filters foreign particles and participates in the synthesis of lymphocytes.

Just below the stomach is the small intestine, which resembles a long, tangled tube. This organ gradually passes into the large intestine. Our health depends on how well the intestines function.

Where are the paired human organs located?

Those who visited school lessons anatomy, they will probably remember the existence of so-called paired organs. One of them is the kidneys. The location of the abdominal organs is arranged so that they are located behind the parietal layer of the peritoneum. This paired organ, responsible for the filtration and secretion of urine, is located on the sides of the lumbar region. The kidneys are vital organs; they control chemical homeostasis.

At the top, in the area of ​​the kidneys, are the adrenal glands, which regulate metabolic processes. They synthesize cortisol, cortisone, corticosteroids and adrenaline.

The most common pathologies of the peritoneal organs

One of the most common diseases of organs located in this anatomical zone is appendicitis. Typically, it develops as a result of bacterial infection. This disease is treated exclusively by surgery.

Problems such as acute intestinal obstruction and adhesive disease are no less common. When there is a threat of female infertility or acute obstruction, the adhesions are separated through surgery. Adhesions that provoked the development of an acute form of intestinal obstruction are removed exclusively for health reasons. It should be understood that surgery in most cases leads to their re-formation. If symptoms of partial obstruction appear, doctors recommend following a slag-free diet.

Symptoms characteristic of prolapse of the abdominal organs begin to develop with prolapse of the stomach. Treatment of this pathology consists of wearing a special bandage, performing special therapeutic exercises and following a diet.

Abdominal examination methods

Ultrasound diagnostics is used to identify pathologies of the abdominal organs. This method allows you to view the topography of the peritoneum. This safe and harmless study can be performed quite often, since ultrasound does not affect the structure of cells in any way. Eventration of the abdominal organs is diagnosed by percussion, auscultation and palpation. How correctly a particular organ is located can be judged not only by ultrasound results, but also by magnetic resonance and computed tomography data.

The organs of our body have their own structure and location. Knowledge of the location of a particular organ will help you independently understand what exactly is hurting you. And then go to the appropriate doctor to solve your health problems. All systems of our body are highly interconnected. Our diagrams will help you understand what is where. With them, the location of human internal organs will remain in your memory for a long time.

The human body is usually divided into three cavities - thoracic, abdominal and pelvic. The thoracic cavity is separated from the abdominal cavity by the diaphragm. This is a special muscle that expands the lungs. Typically, the study of internal organs begins from top to bottom. And the first organ on this path is the thyroid gland. It is located in the neck area under the Adam's apple. But its location cannot be called permanent, because it can change its size. There are also cases of its omission.

Thoracic cavity

The organs of the thoracic cavity include the heart, lungs, bronchi and thymus gland. Each of them has its own location and functions. The listed organs are presented schematically below.

Heart

The heart is the main element of the cardiovascular system. Its activity ensures the movement of blood in the vessels. The location of this organ is behind the ribs above the diaphragm. The heart is located between the lungs, but its position relative to the midline of the body is asymmetrical. Two thirds of the organ is on the left side, and one third is on the right. It is noteworthy that the shape of the heart is not the same among people. It is influenced by gender, age, body type, lifestyle, health status, etc.

Lungs

Studying the location of internal systems and human organs, we move on to the lungs. Their main task is to regulate the respiratory system. They practically fill the entire chest cavity and are located closer to the back. The lungs can change their size depending on the phases of our breathing. Their shape resembles a truncated cone. The upper part of the lungs is directed towards the supraclavicular fossa. And their lower part rests against a dome-shaped diaphragm.

Bronchi

The bronchi are very similar to tree branches. They are located inside the lungs. There the organ branches and forms the bronchial tree. The left bronchus differs from the right in that it is longer, thinner, and also less vertical. This body is also divided into orders:

• 1st order – lobar extrapulmonary bronchi;
• 2nd order – segmental extrapulmonary bronchi;
• 3-5 order – segmental and subsegmental intrapulmonary bronchi;
• 6-15 order - small intrapulmonary bronchi.

Thymus gland

The thymus gland is located in the upper part of the chest. It gets its name from its appearance, which resembles a two-pronged fork. For a long time, the organ remained mysterious and little studied. But now doctors have found that this gland is responsible for the body’s immune system.

Abdomen

The following organs are located in the abdominal cavity:

• Stomach,
• Pancreas,
• Liver,
• gallbladder,
• Spleen,
• Intestines,
• Kidneys,
• Adrenal glands.

Stomach

The location of the stomach is on the left under the diaphragm. The organ has a bag-like shape. Its structure easily allows you to change the size, because the fullness of the organ is constantly changing. The stomach stores food and performs its initial digestion. Gastric juice helps him cope with the task.

Pancreas

Next is the pancreas. It is located behind the lower part of the stomach. Its functions include ensuring the exchange of fats, proteins and carbohydrates. This is a very large gland with internal and external secretion functions.

Liver

The liver is located on the upper right, directly below the diaphragm. It is an extremely important organ for cleansing the body. Consists of two lobes - left and right. The right one is significantly larger in size than the left one. The liver neutralizes foreign substances that enter the body through the digestive system. Provides glucose supply, regulates lipid metabolism and performs many other useful functions.

Gallbladder

The gallbladder is located at the bottom of the liver. More precisely, in its right longitudinal groove. The gallbladder has the shape of a sac, the size of which is comparable to chicken egg. The organ is filled with bile, which comes directly from the liver and participates in the general digestive process. In the bladder, bile is concentrated and then moves into the duodenum.

Spleen

Behind the stomach, in the upper left part of the abdominal cavity, is the spleen. It is shaped like an elongated hemisphere. The organ is responsible for the immune system and also performs hematopoietic functions. The spleen also disposes of defective blood cells.

Intestines

The intestines are located in the lower part of the abdominal cavity under the stomach. It is a long folded tube. It starts with the small intestine, which then moves into the large intestine. The large intestine, in turn, ends at the anus. 70% of immune cells are located in the intestines, so overall human health depends on its good functioning.

Kidneys

The kidneys are a paired internal human organ. Their shape resembles beans. These organs are involved in the genitourinary system. Their localization is in the lumbar region, on the sides, behind the parietal layer of the peritoneum. As a rule, the size of the right kidney is smaller than the size of the left. The main function of the kidneys is the formation and excretion of urine.

Adrenal glands

The organ got its name precisely from its location. The adrenal glands are located directly at the top of the kidneys. They are paired glands endocrine system. Their functions include regulation of metabolism, adaptation to stressful situations, etc.

Organs of the large and small pelvis

The structure of the small pelvis is different in women and men. There is one large common organ - the bladder. It is located in the lower part of the pelvis. It is a hollow organ that stores urine. The bladder plays one of the leading roles in the urinary system.

Pelvic organs in women

The female pelvic organs include:

• Vagina. During childbirth, it functions as the birth canal. The inside of the vagina has many folds and is covered with a mucous membrane. This structure allows the organ to stretch greatly, which simplifies the birth of a child.
• Ovaries. The ovaries are a paired organ located on the sides at the very bottom of a woman’s abdomen. They are shaped like sacs and contain eggs. It is in the ovaries that female sex hormones – progesterone and estrogen – are produced.
• Uterus. Located in the very center of the small pelvis, it resembles a pear in shape. Its purpose is to bear a fetus. The walls of the uterus are made up of many muscles that grow along with the fetus. During childbirth, they begin to contract sharply, pushing the baby into the birth canal.
• Fallopian tubes. One end is connected to the uterus, the other to the ovaries. The eggs move through the tubes to the uterus.
• Cervix. It is the lower part of the uterus, which connects its cavity to the vagina. During pregnancy, the cervix reliably closes the entrance to the uterus; at the time of birth, it opens.

Pelvic organs in men

The male pelvic organs include:

• Prostate. Located under the bladder. Both ejaculatory streams pass through this gland, and the urethra also begins. The functions of the prostate gland include secreting a special secretion into the semen.
• Seminal vesicles. They are a paired organ. They are located behind and to the side of the bladder, as well as on top of the prostate. The seminal vesicles produce fructose, which is very important for maintaining proper sperm quality.
• Testicles. Placed inside the scrotum. They produce testosterone (male sex hormone), as well as sperm.

Conclusion

Knowing the location of our internal organs, it is much easier for us to understand what is the source of pain. When examined by a doctor, we can give more accurate information about our pain sensations. And this, in turn, will speed up the making of an accurate diagnosis. If a problem is identified in a timely manner, it will be resolved easier and faster.

The abdominal organs are something that every person has and invariably, day after day, ensures the normal, coordinated functioning of the body. Unfortunately, very few people know what the circuit is or where certain things are located. internal organs, their departments and what is their structure in general?

Location of abdominal organs

The abdominal organs include the following systems: kidneys and adrenal glands, gallbladder and ureter, as well as the liver, spleen and the entire gastrointestinal tract. In front and on the sides, their location is limited by the abdominal wall, which is penetrated by muscles, as well as fatty tissue and connective tissue formations present in every person without exception, as can be seen in all the pictures.

In general, the abdominal cavity can be defined as all the space that is located under the diaphragm. It is in it that all organs are concentrated, and the abdominal region passes into the pelvic region. The space behind the peritoneum is characterized by the fact that it is covered with a serous membrane, which extends to all internal organs of a person.

It should be noted that due to some physiological features, friction of the surfaces of the internal organs against each other does not occur. A similar effect is achieved due to the presence of the epithelial cover, as well as the serous fluid that complements the structure, as can be seen in the pictures and photographs. The separator of the organs that belong to the thoracic and abdominal cavities is the diaphragm, the location of which is always the same.

In the upper region of the peritoneum there is the stomach and its sections that contain food. It is known that it is its quantity that directly affects the size of a given human organ. The stomach itself resembles a small pouch that has a specific outlet, namely a tube, which is known as the intestine.

It is assigned certain functions, for example, the absorption of the main part of the nutritional components.

The presented departments are being completed gastrointestinal tract any person has an anus, which is obvious in any photo or pictures. Experts point to the following features that determine the structure of this system:

1. The spleen belongs to the organs of the abdominal cavity and the space behind the peritoneum. This occurs despite the fact that it belongs to the lymphatic system, but it can be detected (for example, during ultrasound) under the left hypochondrium;
2. The upper part of the abdominal region is occupied by the liver, which is attached to the diaphragm, stomach, as well as the intestines and abdominal wall through ligaments. It is she who is responsible for the formation and secretion of bile and similar components;
3. The abdominal press ensures the preservation of the location of all human internal organs. This is most relevant in a vertical position.

It should be noted that the internal organs have even more specific protection, namely that provided by the bones. From the back it is the spinal column and pelvic bones, in front it is exclusively the muscles. There are other forms of protection that allow you to experience and cope with any extreme situations and even injuries. It should also be noted that it is possible to control how correct the structure of a person’s internal organs is, whether certain parts are functioning correctly, using ultrasound. This method is 100% effective. Below are some differences between men and women in the structure of the internal organs of the abdominal cavity.

Differences in the structure of internal organs between men and women

Before moving on to the structural features of internal organs in male and female representatives, which are visible even in the paintings, I would like to draw attention to some other points. In particular, the covering of a very thin serous membrane should be considered a characteristic feature of the structure of the peritoneal organs. It's about about mesothelial tissue, which has a significant amount of strong fibers.

In addition, the mesothelium ensures the production of lubrication and reduces the friction of organs - it is due to this feature that characterizes the human structure that we do not experience painful or simply unpleasant sensations.

Such pain can only occur during diseases or inflammatory conditions or infectious lesions.

Speaking directly about female representatives, it is necessary to pay attention to the fact that one of the main differences is the presence in the pelvic area of ​​tubes that communicate directly with the uterus. Through the vagina, the genital area is able to communicate with the external environment, which is obvious in the pictures. Record certain internal female organs reproductive system, as well as the prostate gland in men, is possible when performing an ultrasound of the human peritoneal organs, which is also demonstrated by some other departments.

If we talk specifically about the abdominal organs of male representatives, they are located exclusively in a confined space. However, regardless of the gender of a person, internal organs and their structure are always determined by the presence of a serous membrane. The only difference is whether one or another internal area is partially covered or whether the film is located on the entire surface part.

In general, the placement of the peritoneal organs and the space behind the peritoneum is possible in three options. The first includes extraperitoneal, which is characterized by the fact that the peritoneum covers the insides exclusively from the front. This is characteristic of the kidneys. Further, experts classify the second option as mesoperitoneal, within the framework of which only three sides of one or another interior are coated, while the fourth remains uncovered. The most typical example is the liver, which is almost completely covered with a serous membrane.

The third option is intraperitoneal, which is characterized by the abdominal region fitting the organ on all sides. Here, one example is the small intestine. Read on to learn how exactly the internal organs of a person are diagnosed, how their structure is determined, and much more.

How is the abdominal organs diagnosed?

In order to 100% accurately determine the location and any other features of the abdominal organs in men and women, it is necessary to attend to a diagnostic examination. The main technique is ultrasound, due to which, as in the pictures, it becomes obvious, for example, the key causes of pain in the abdominal area. In addition, the condition of the gallbladder and liver is assessed, and the pancreas and aorta are examined.

The specialist has the opportunity to visually verify whether stones are in the ducts that remove bile, and whether it is possible to confirm the existing suspicion of ascites. In addition, it is the presented examination method that, as in the pictures, reveals organic kidney damage and an acute form of appendicitis. Ultrasound is ideal for viewing the topography of the peritoneal organs.

In general, as experts note, the procedure is completely harmless and safe; it can be performed quite often, due to the lack of influence of ultrasonic waves on the structural structure of cells.

Judge how correctly the peritoneal organs are located, determine the degree of development pathological conditions specialists can perform not only ultrasound, but also CT or MRI. The presented diagnostic techniques easily identify focal lesions, as well as fatty liver regeneration, dystrophic and ischemic algorithms, which can become more intense with age.

At the same time, for example, stones (deposits of calcium salts) cannot be recorded on MRI images and pictures. In the vast majority of cases, their cost is approximately comparable to a diagnostic examination using ultrasound.

Taking all this into account, we can confidently say that today specialists know everything about the structure of not only the internal organs, but also all those structures that enter the abdominal cavity. They ensure 100% coordinated functioning of the body, fully ensuring all physiological processes.

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1.Can cancer be prevented?
The occurrence of a disease such as cancer depends on many factors. No person can ensure complete safety for himself. But everyone can significantly reduce the chances of developing a malignant tumor.

2.How does smoking affect the development of cancer?
Absolutely, categorically forbid yourself from smoking. Everyone is already tired of this truth. But quitting smoking reduces the risk of developing all types of cancer. Smoking is associated with 30% of deaths from oncological diseases. In Russia, lung tumors kill more people than tumors of all other organs.
Eliminating tobacco from your life is the best prevention. Even if you smoke not a pack a day, but only half a day, the risk of lung cancer is already reduced by 27%, as the American Medical Association found.

3.Does it affect overweight on the development of cancer?
Look at the scales more often! Extra pounds will affect more than just your waist. The American Institute for Cancer Research has found that obesity promotes the development of tumors of the esophagus, kidneys and gallbladder. The fact is that adipose tissue not only serves to preserve energy reserves, it also has a secretory function: fat produces proteins that affect the development of a chronic inflammatory process in the body. And oncological diseases appear against the background of inflammation. In Russia, WHO associates 26% of all cancer cases with obesity.

4.Do exercise help reduce the risk of cancer?
Spend at least half an hour a week training. Sport is on the same level as proper nutrition when it comes to cancer prevention. In the United States, a third of all deaths are attributed to the fact that patients did not follow any diet or pay attention to physical exercise. The American Cancer Society recommends exercising 150 minutes a week at a moderate pace or half as much but at a vigorous pace. However, a study published in the journal Nutrition and Cancer in 2010 shows that even 30 minutes can reduce the risk of breast cancer (which affects one in eight women worldwide) by 35%.

5.How does alcohol affect cancer cells?
Less alcohol! Alcohol has been blamed for causing tumors of the mouth, larynx, liver, rectum and mammary glands. Ethyl alcohol breaks down in the body to acetaldehyde, which is then converted into acetic acid under the action of enzymes. Acetaldehyde is a strong carcinogen. Alcohol is especially harmful for women, as it stimulates the production of estrogens - hormones that affect the growth of breast tissue. Excess estrogen leads to the formation of breast tumors, which means that every extra sip of alcohol increases the risk of getting sick.

6.Which cabbage helps fight cancer?
Love broccoli. Vegetables not only contribute to a healthy diet, but they also help fight cancer. This is why recommendations for healthy eating contain the rule: half of the daily diet should be vegetables and fruits. Particularly useful are cruciferous vegetables, which contain glucosinolates - substances that, when processed, acquire anti-cancer properties. These vegetables include cabbage: regular cabbage, Brussels sprouts and broccoli.

7. Red meat affects which organ cancer?
The more vegetables you eat, the less red meat you put on your plate. Research has confirmed that people who eat more than 500g of red meat per week have a higher risk of developing colorectal cancer.

8.Which of the proposed remedies protect against skin cancer?
Stock up on sunscreen! Women aged 18–36 are especially susceptible to melanoma, the most dangerous form of skin cancer. In Russia, in just 10 years, the incidence of melanoma has increased by 26%, world statistics show an even greater increase. Both tanning equipment and sun rays are blamed for this. The danger can be minimized with a simple tube of sunscreen. A 2010 study in the Journal of Clinical Oncology confirmed that people who regularly apply a special cream have half the incidence of melanoma than those who neglect such cosmetics.
You need to choose a cream with a protection factor of SPF 15, apply it even in winter and even in cloudy weather (the procedure should turn into the same habit as brushing your teeth), and also not expose it to the sun's rays from 10 a.m. to 4 p.m.

9. Do you think stress affects the development of cancer?
Stress itself does not cause cancer, but it weakens the entire body and creates conditions for the development of this disease. Research has shown that constant worry alters the activity of immune cells responsible for triggering the fight-and-flight mechanism. As a result, a large amount of cortisol, monocytes and neutrophils, which are responsible for inflammatory processes, constantly circulate in the blood. And as already mentioned, chronic inflammatory processes can lead to the formation of cancer cells.

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Diagrams of the location of human internal organs with inscriptions by zone.

Knowledge of the structure of the body is the key to understanding the processes occurring in it and malfunctions.

The set of required knowledge for a person is constantly expanding. However, without a clear understanding of the functioning of the body, its needs and the interconnection of organs, all other achievements of science and progress are useless.

Students of medical universities study anatomy in detail. It is enough for the average adult to have an idea of ​​the location of organs inside himself at the school curriculum level.

We suggest refreshing your knowledge in this area.

Location of human organs: photos with captions

The internal organs of the human body are compactly placed in the torso in conventional zones:

• chest
• abdominal
• large and small pelvis

The first zone is separated from the second by a diaphragm. The second and third zones do not have such a clear boundary.

The thoracic region in turn consists of:

• 2 lung spaces
• cardiac zone

The abdominal cavity is also divided into 2 components:

• directly abdominal
• retroperitoneal

Their functional tasks are radically different from each other and at the same time closely related.

So the organs of the chest are responsible for:

• breath
• absorption of oxygen and disposal of waste air
• pumping blood

The abdominal organs provide:

• digestive processes
• absorption of nutrients
• immunity strength
• filtering toxins, poisons
• participation in the hematopoiesis of one’s body, and in the female version, of the fetus
• formation of acids for digestion
• hormonal regulation of the correct functioning of all abdominal organs

In the large and small pelvis, their tasks are carried out:

• release of waste substances
• reproduction
• hormonal control of the functioning of the organs of the zone in question

By structure and appearance internal organs are divided into:

• tubular, or hollow - for example, the stomach
• solid, without a cavity - for example, liver

• muscles contribute to contractions of the organ,
• mucous membranes - moisturizing and absorbing substances,
• slippery outer layer - lack of friction between organs.

In our body, some organs are paired, for example, the lungs, and some are unpaired, for example, the heart.

See the internal structure of the human body in the photo below.

What organs are located in the chest: diagram with inscriptions

The chest is the location of the respiratory organs, in particular the lungs.

• They occupy almost all of her space, especially at the moment of inhalation. From below, the lungs rest against the diaphragm. Around them there is protection from the ribs.
• The bronchial tree branches inside the lungs and connects them to the trachea.
• Moreover, its left branch is thinner and longer than the right.

The heart is the engine of your body, pumping blood through a network of blood vessels. It is located between the lungs above the diaphragm and has a slight backward slope. 2/3 of the heart is on the left side of the center of the chest, and 1/3 is on the right.

The thymus gland is a mysterious organ of the chest. Located in the upper part of the latter above the bronchial branch into the lungs. Participates in the functioning of the human immune system.

On the diagram of the chest organs, consider their location.

What organs are located in the abdominal cavity: diagram with inscriptions

The abdominal cavity is filled with more organs than the previous one. Let's consider their placement according to 3 parameters:

• in the center
• to his right
• left

• The small intestine appears to be a thin, tangled tube. It is formed at the site of narrowing of the stomach and can reach 6 m in length. It gradually expands into the large intestine at the bottom right. The latter forms a semicircle clockwise throughout the entire abdominal cavity and ends at the anus.

The intestine is the most important organ of the immune system. Thanks to its ability to pulsate compression, poisons, toxins, and harmful substances are removed from the body.

The stomach is an extension of the esophagus that resembles a bag. It is located immediately below the diaphragm.

• As it fills, it is able to change its size. In people with an addiction to absorption large quantity after eating, the stomach is enlarged.
• It is a reservoir for the accumulation and digestion of food, passing the first stage of assimilation of nutrients.

The stomach is a complete organ with several layers of muscles. Thanks to the contraction of the latter, food moves through the organ and further into the intestines.

The pancreas is located slightly lower under the stomach. She:

• participates in the process of food digestion,
• produces juice for its breakdown,
• ensures metabolic processes in the body, namely protein-carbon and fat.

The spleen provides hematopoiesis for adults and fetuses in women. It is located behind the stomach. In appearance it is a non-hollow dense hemisphere.

Spleen:

• responsible for the production of lymphocytes
• accumulates platelets
• traps harmful substances and bacteria and filters them
• participant in the body's metabolic processes
• first aid for red blood cells and platelets with damaged membranes

The liver is a vital human organ. It consists of 2 lobes, of which the right one is much smaller than the left one.

The liver has the task of neutralizing poisonous and toxic compounds and then removing them from the body. And also:

• maintaining lipid balance
• absorption of cholesterol and glucose
• removal of excessive amounts of vitamins and internal metabolic substances

The gallbladder is a small pear-shaped sac that is located under the right lobe of the liver.

Its task is to accumulate bile coming from the liver and send it to the intestines. It helps to efficiently digest food at all stages of its movement, starting from the stomach.

On both sides are the kidneys and adrenal glands.

The buds are shaped like beans.

• Located behind the abdominal organs closer to the lumbar area.
• The right kidney is smaller than the left. The weight of one varies between 100-190 grams, and the size is about 10 cm.
• The purpose of the kidneys is to filter and secrete urine and regulate chemical processes.

The adrenal glands are paired glands, representatives of the endocrine system. Responsible for regulating hormone levels:

• adrenaline
• sexual - androgens
• corticosteroids
• cortisone and cortisol
• norepinephrine

The adrenal glands help a person adapt to new living conditions and cope with stressful situations.

A diagram will help you visually remember the location of the abdominal organs.

Structure of the pelvic organs: diagram with inscriptions

Since people are divided into two groups based on gender, our set of pelvic organs is not the same.

In the small pelvis there are:

• bladder and rectum - common
• uterus and ovaries - in women
• prostate gland and testicles - in men

Let's look at the first two in a little more detail.

The bladder falls on the pubic area. When empty it seems to spread out, but when filled it has the shape of an oval container.

Its task is to accumulate fluid from the kidneys and remove it from the body through the ureters.

The rectum is a continuation of the large intestine. It is located vertically down the far wall of the pelvis.

Its task is to collect and remove waste material after the digestion process.

Between the bladder and rectum are:

• uterus in women
• prostate gland in men

A diagram showing the location of the pelvic organs is presented below.

So, we looked at the anatomical location of human internal organs and got acquainted with their main tasks and activities.

Study the structure of your body consciously. Learn to listen to his needs and live in harmony with him!

Video: Human anatomy. Where and what is it?

After the invention of diagnostics using an ultrasound machine, doctors discovered many unsolved mysteries of the human body. Doctors began to see internal organs, their condition and inflammatory processes, so this study is now the most used for making accurate diagnoses. This way they examine the entire retroperitoneal space, intestines, reproductive system in women, prostate in men. If ultrasound is performed routinely, there is a high probability of preventing any disease at an early stage.

Indications for abdominal ultrasound

Ultrasound is not a painful procedure, so patients always easily agree to have it performed. Ultrasound allows high accuracy determine the shape, structure, size and location of the abdominal organs, ducts and vessels. Indications for a doctor to prescribe an ultrasound examination are the following symptoms:

Heaviness in the right hypochondrium.

1. Bitterness in the mouth.
2. Abdominal pain of any nature.
3. Drawing or bursting pain after eating.
4. Increased gas formation in the stomach or intestines.
5. Injuries to the abdominal organs.
6. Assessment of inflammatory lesions of the genitourinary system.
7. Search for primary tumors and metastases.
8. Pregnancy.
9. Clinical symptoms (jaundice, blood in urine, etc.).

What organs are checked during an abdominal ultrasound?

The abdominal cavity is limited from above by the diaphragm, from behind by the spinal column, tissue, and back muscles. Inner surface The abdomen is covered with peritoneum (a thin membrane with nerve endings). Abdominal organs examined by ultrasound include:

Completely covered by peritoneum: stomach, pancreas, gall bladder, spleen, liver.

1. Partially covered by peritoneum: large and small intestines, duodenum.
2. Retroperitoneal space: inferior vena cava and its tributaries, abdominal aorta and its branches, ureters, adrenal glands, kidneys.
3. Preperitoneal space: bladder, uterus, prostate gland.

How to prepare for an ultrasound examination

An abdominal ultrasound is a procedure that you should prepare for in advance to ensure accurate results. For example, if a woman on the eve of the examination consumed foods that caused flatulence, then after an ultrasound, this fact will cause difficulties in visualizing the spleen, pancreas, liver or biliary structure. Or if the patient is taking medications, then you need to stop taking them or warn the specialist who will conduct the ultrasound examination.

It is especially necessary to take the diagnosis of the pelvis seriously: before undergoing an ultrasound, you need to cleanse the intestines, and a few days before you start drinking herbs and medications that improve digestion and reduce gas formation: tea made from lemon balm, mint, chamomile, ginger. If the examination is required for a child, it is advisable to also put him on a diet on the eve of the ultrasound. A couple of days before the appointed date, give him enzymes (festal, activated carbon) to avoid flatulence during the ultrasound examination.

How many days in advance should you start the diet?

Patients always ask whether it is possible to eat before an abdominal ultrasound? Yes, but doctors warn that you need to follow a special diet for three days before the procedure balanced nutrition. It is advisable to eat every three to four hours, and there should be at least 4 meals. It is recommended to eat low-fat cheese, meat, and fish. Your daily diet must include grain porridges: buckwheat, oatmeal, barley. 1 boiled egg per day will harmoniously complement your diet.

What not to eat before the test

On the eve of the ultrasound, a diet is prescribed so that the research conclusions are correct, because ultrasound waves will not be able to pass through the air in the stomach. Before undergoing the procedure, you should avoid any products that promote gas formation: dairy and fermented milk, baked goods, raw vegetables, sweets, carbonated drinks. You also need to give up too salty, spicy and fatty foods, and immediately before the procedure - from alcohol, smoking, chewing gum, and candy, so as not to provoke stomach cramps.

How far in advance can you eat on the day of an ultrasound?

The cleaner the body is on the day of the ultrasound, the more accurate the diagnosis will be, and, as a result, treatment is more effective, faster recovery. A short-term diet before an abdominal ultrasound will help improve the condition of the whole body, which is important for both men and women. The day before the procedure, you need to have dinner no later than 19:00, and you cannot eat anything on the day of the ultrasound.

Should I drink before an abdominal ultrasound?

During the diet, 2-3 days before the ultrasound, doctors recommend drinking herbal infusions, weak tea or non-carbonated water, but not more than 1.5 liters per day. You should not drink anything on the day of the ultrasound. It is recommended not to drink for several hours before the procedure to digestive system was completely empty. But this does not create much inconvenience for patients, since most doctors prescribe an ultrasound in the morning, and after the examination they are allowed to drink and eat as much as they want.

If an ultrasound of the kidneys or bladder is planned, preparation for the procedure includes the use of water for the acoustic window, so the patient is instructed to drink plenty of fluids. But we must take into account that you need to drink non-carbonated drinks slowly, without swallowing a lot of air, so that during the examination it does not form a space in the stomach that will not allow the device to correctly read the information.

How does an ultrasound of the abdominal cavity work and what does it give?

The algorithm for conducting an ultrasound examination is as follows: the patient undresses in the diagnostic room, exposes the abdominal cavity, and lies down on the couch, which is located next to the device. Sometimes during diagnosis, a person needs to lie on his side or stomach while the adrenal glands and kidneys are viewed, because they are better visualized from several angles.

Then the doctor applies a special conductive gel to the head of the sensor and the patient’s skin, which eliminates the reflection of ultrasonic waves from the surface of the body. During the procedure, the doctor gives commands regarding the depth of breathing and scans the abdominal organs using a sensor. The ultrasound signal goes from the sensor to the organ under study, and, being reflected, returns to the monitor, where a specialist records it. The procedure lasts, depending on the organs being diagnosed, from 5 to 60 minutes.

In the first moments after applying the gel, the patient may feel cold in the examination area and feel light pressure from the sensor. Ultrasound examination does not bring any more unpleasant sensations. But if an ultrasound is performed to determine internal damage, the patient may experience mild pain when the doctor moves the probe over the body. The ultrasonic waves themselves are neither felt nor heard.

The diagnostic value of abdominal ultrasound is very high; this study examines in detail most of the vital organs of a person. Modern ultrasound machines will detect the most minor changes in the body, assess the rate of development of any disease, and allow the doctor to diagnose accurate diagnosis. Key research parameters include:

size and location of abdominal organs;

• the presence and structure of additional entities;
• disorders, deformation of organs;
• chronic diseases.

The interpretation of the ultrasound will show any deviations from the norm, which will allow you to start treatment on time and avoid unpleasant consequences. Ultrasound of the abdominal cavity completely determines the following diseases:

gallbladder rupture;

• cirrhosis;
• all inflammatory processes;
• presence of stones;
• tissue damage;
• condition of the appendages and uterus in women;
• accumulation of unbound fluid;
• prostate tumors in men.

Video

The presence of contrast agents in the intestines or stomach can affect the results of an ultrasound examination. The device may distort the results if the patient is immobilized during the procedure or if a bandage or open wound gets into the scanning area. Extreme obesity also affects the accuracy of the results.

If you go for the procedure, you need to take with you a disposable diaper, which is sold in any pharmacy, napkins to remove any remaining gel from yourself after the examination, and shoe covers so as not to take off your shoes at the doctor. Although in a private clinic, as a rule, all these things are provided. Watch the video below, in which a specialist will tell you in more detail what preparation is needed for an ultrasound of the abdominal organs.

Attention! The information presented in the article is for informational purposes only. The materials in the article do not encourage self-treatment. Only a qualified doctor can make a diagnosis and give treatment recommendations based on the individual characteristics of a particular patient.

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