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Types of environmental pollution
The simplest definition of pollution is the introduction or emergence of new pollutants into the environment or an excess of the natural long-term average level of these pollutants.
From an environmental point of view, pollution is not simply the introduction of alien components into the environment, but their introduction into ecosystems. Many of them are chemically active and capable of interacting with molecules that make up the tissues of living organisms or being actively oxidized in air. Such substances are poisons to all living things.
Pollution environment They are divided into natural, caused by some natural causes: volcanic eruptions, faults in the earth’s crust, natural fires, dust storms, etc. and anthropogenic, arising in connection with human economic activity.
Among anthropogenic pollution, the following types of pollution are distinguished: physical, mechanical, biological, geological, chemical.
To physical pollution include thermal (thermal), light, noise, vibration, electromagnetic, ionizing pollution.
Sources of increasing soil temperature are underground construction and the laying of communications. An increase in soil temperature stimulates the activity of microorganisms, which are agents of corrosion of various communications.
Light pollution – disruption of natural light in the environment. Leads to disruption of the rhythms of activity of living organisms. An increase in water turbidity in water bodies reduces the supply of sunlight to depth and the photosynthesis of aquatic vegetation.
Noise pollution . Sound– as a physical phenomenon, it is a wave movement of an elastic medium. Noise - all kinds of sounds that interfere with the perception of useful sounds or disrupt silence. The sound frequency range that the human ear perceives is from 16 to 20,000 Hz. Sound waves with a frequency below 20 Hz are called infrasonic, above 20000 – ultrasonic.
Sound volume depends on the amplitude of sound vibrations. Sound impact assessed by the relative intensity of sound (noise level), which is expressed numerically in decibels (dB).
Sources of noise are all types of transport, industrial enterprises, household appliances, etc. Powerful sources The most noisy areas are airports; airplanes create the greatest noise during takeoff. Intense noise is created by railway transport. There are a large number of noise sources in residential premises: operating elevators, fans, pumps, televisions, loud conversations, etc.
Noise has a negative impact on human health. Sudden sharp sounds of high frequency are especially difficult to bear. At a noise level of more than 90 dB, gradual weakening of hearing occurs, diseases of the nervous and cardiovascular systems, mental disorders, etc.
The consequences of exposure to infrasound and ultrasound are especially significant. Infrasound causes resonance in various internal organs of a person, vision is impaired, functional state nervous system, internal organs, nervous excitement occurs, etc.
Vibration pollution – associated with acoustic vibrations of different frequencies and infrasonic vibrations. Sources of infrasound vibrations, and associated vibrations are compressor, pumping stations, fans, vibration platforms, air conditioners, cooling towers, turbines of diesel power plants. Vibrations spread throughout metal structures equipment and through their bases reach the foundations of public and residential buildings and are transmitted to the enclosing structures of individual premises.
Vibrations negatively affect people, cause irritation and interfere with work and leisure. When vibrations are transmitted, uneven settlement of foundations and foundations occurs, which can lead to deformation and destruction of engineering structures.
Electromagnetic pollution . The development of energy, electronics and radio engineering has caused environmental pollution by electromagnetic fields. Their main sources are power plants and substations, television and radar stations, high-voltage power lines, electric transport, etc.
Impact measure electromagnetic fields is the field strength. High-intensity fields have a negative effect on the human body, causing nervous system disorders, headaches, fatigue, the development of neuroses, insomnia, etc.
Ionizing radiation – this is radiation, the interaction of which with a medium leads to the formation in it of ions (positively or negatively charged particles) from neutral atoms or molecules. There are several types of ionizing radiation.
Gamma radiation is a stream of electromagnetic waves, has a high penetrating ability, its propagation speed is close to the speed of light. In the air it can spread hundreds of meters, freely pass through the human body and other organisms.
Beta radiation- constitutes a stream of negatively charged particles - electrons, penetrates several meters in the air, and several millimeters in living tissues and water.
Alpha radiation - e then a stream of positively charged particles (nuclei of helium atoms), their penetrating ability is small, but their ionizing ability is enormous, so they pose the greatest danger when they enter the body.
Exposure of a person to ionizing radiation leads to irradiation. A quantitative assessment of the ionization of the body is dose irradiation. Absorbed radiation dose is the amount of radiation energy absorbed per unit mass of the irradiated body. The unit of absorbed dose is the gray.
Under the influence of ionizing radiation, substances in the body of the body are ionized at the molecular level, causing strong changes (depending on the radiation dose) in the nuclei of cells, disrupting their normal functioning.
There are different types of irradiation external when the source of radiation is outside the body and internal when the radiation source is inside the body, getting there with air, water, food, and medications.
Until the mid-20th century, the main sources of ionizing radiation were natural sources - cosmic rays and rocks. But even then, radiation levels varied significantly, reaching highest values in areas of deposits of uranium ores, radioactive shale, phosphorites, crystalline rocks, etc.
Currently, man-made sources of radioactive radiation have led to an increase in natural background radiation.
Radiation doses to the population from natural sources depend on the height of cities above sea level and the geological structure of the territory. For residents of mountainous areas, exposure to cosmic rays increases. Aircraft crews and passengers who frequently fly at altitudes of 8–11 km can receive significant doses of radiation.
An increase in radiation dose from natural sources can be caused by the use of building materials with high content radionuclides.
Gas is a dangerous natural source of internal exposure radon. It is a radioactive gas, a product of the radioactive decay of radium and thorium. It has now been revealed that it is present in many rooms on all continents. It comes from the rocks of the foundations of buildings and structures and accumulates in basements and rooms on the first floors, especially when they are insufficiently ventilated, and also enters other floors through cracks in walls and ceilings. Sources of radon are also the building materials from which buildings and structures are constructed.
Sources of radioactive radiation created by man.
Radiation aerosols, which enter the atmosphere during nuclear weapons testing. Despite the fact that the volume of nuclear weapons testing has decreased compared to the 50s and 60s of the 20th century, long-lived radionuclides continue to reach the Earth’s surface from the stratosphere, contributing to an increase in background radiation.
Sources of ionizing radiation used in many instruments, equipment in the national economy, civil defense, construction, research purposes, etc.
Common source of radiation are medical procedures (especially x-ray examinations). Radiation doses largely depend on the qualifications of personnel and the condition of equipment.
Nuclear energy makes a significant contribution to the increase in background radiation: when storing waste generated during the mining and enrichment of uranium ores, the production of nuclear fuel, during the disposal of spent nuclear fuel and end-of-life equipment of nuclear power plants, but the greatest danger is posed by accidents at nuclear power plants.
As a result of the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant (which is assessed as the worst man-made disaster in the history of mankind), radioactive contamination of large areas occurred, both in our country and abroad. More than 500 radionuclides with different half-lives were released into the atmosphere. The radiation background near the accident site was thousands of times higher than the natural radiation background, which led to the need to resettle residents of nearby areas.
Mechanical contamination – pollution of the environment with materials that have only a mechanical effect without chemical consequences. Examples include: siltation of water bodies with soil, release of dust into the atmosphere, dumping of construction waste in plot of land. At first glance, such pollution may seem harmless, but it can cause a number of environmental problems, the elimination of which will require significant economic costs.
Biological contamination divided into bacterial and organic. Bacterial contamination – the introduction of pathogenic microorganisms into the environment that contribute to the spread of diseases, for example, hepatitis, cholera, dysentery and other diseases.
The sources may be insufficiently disinfected sewage systems. waste water, discharged into a water body.
Organic pollution – pollution, for example, of the aquatic environment with substances capable of fermentation and decay: food waste, pulp and paper production, untreated sewage wastewater.
Biological pollution also includes animal relocation into new ecosystems where their natural enemies are absent. Such relocation can lead to an explosive growth in the number of resettled animals and have unpredictable consequences.
Geological pollution – stimulation under the influence of human activity of such geological processes as flooding, drainage of territories, the formation of landslides, landslides, subsidence of the earth’s surface, etc.
Such disturbances occur as a result of mining, construction, leaks of water and wastewater from communications, as a result of the vibration impact of transport and other impacts. The above impacts must be taken into account when designing in construction (selecting design characteristics of soils, in calculating the stability of buildings and structures).
Chemical pollution – change in the natural chemical properties of the environment as a result of emissions industrial enterprises, transport, agriculture various pollutants. For example, emissions of hydrocarbon fuel combustion products into the atmosphere, soil contamination with pesticides, and discharge of untreated wastewater into water bodies. Some of the most dangerous pollutants are heavy metals and synthetic organic compounds.
Heavy metals are chemical elements that have high density
(> 8 g/cm3), such as lead, tin, cadmium, mercury, chromium, copper, zinc, etc., they are widely used in industry and are very toxic. Their ions and some compounds are easily soluble in water and can enter the body and have a negative effect on it. The main sources of waste containing heavy metals are enterprises for ore beneficiation, smelting and processing of metals, and galvanic production.
Synthetic organic compounds are used to produce plastics, synthetic fibers, solvents, paints, pesticides, detergents, and can be absorbed by living organisms and disrupt their functioning.
Heavy metals and many synthetic organic compounds are capable of bioaccumulation. Bioaccumulation is the accumulation of pollutants in living organisms when they are received from the external environment in small doses that seem harmless.
Bioaccumulation is exacerbated in the food chain, e.g. plant organisms absorb pollutants from the external environment and accumulate them in their organs, herbivores, feeding on vegetation, receive large doses, and carnivorous animals receive even larger doses. As a result, in living organisms at the end of the food chain, the concentration of pollutants can be hundreds of thousands of times higher than in the external environment. This accumulation of a substance as it passes through the food chain is called bioconcentration.
The dangers of bioaccumulation and bioconcentration became known in the 1960s, when populations of many birds of prey, animals at the end of the food chain, were discovered to be declining.
Air pollution is caused by the release of harmful substances. There are more cars on the roads every year, and the exhaust gases produced by cars every day pollute the air. Industry also has a strong negative impact on the atmosphere. Huge amounts of harmful emissions enter the atmosphere every day from factories and factories. The cement, coal, and steel industries pollute the atmosphere the most, which leads to the destruction of the ozone layer, which protects the planet from aggressive ultraviolet rays.
Contamination with radioactive elements
This type of environmental pollution causes the most serious damage. Accidents that occur at nuclear power plants, nuclear waste that is stored in the ground for decades, the development of nuclear weapons and work in uranium mines affect both human health and the pollution of the entire planet.
Soil pollution
Pesticides and harmful additives, which are usually used in agriculture heavily pollute the soil. Waste from agricultural enterprises, which is dumped into drains, also has an extremely negative impact on its condition. Deforestation and mining also damage the soil.
Water pollution
Water bodies are subject to severe toxicity due to waste discharges into rivers. Every day, tons of human waste enters the water. In addition, they are very harmful to nature plastic bottles and plastic products, which pose a great danger to fauna. Rivers and other bodies of water in large cities with developed industry are especially affected.
Noise pollution
This type of pollution is specific. The unpleasant, loud, harsh sounds that factories, cars, and trains make every day cause noise pollution. Natural phenomena such as volcanic eruptions and hurricanes also cause noise pollution. People experience headaches and other health problems due to these processes.
In terms of its scale, pollution can be global, regional and local. However, any of them leads humanity to health problems, as well as a reduction in life by about 8-12 years. Unfortunately, environmental pollution progresses every year, and only humanity itself can cope with this problem.
Scientific and technological progress makes life easier for people, but improved technologies often lead to environmental pollution. The main types of environmental pollution are anthropogenic sources, that is, those caused by human activity. It is important to learn how to identify polluting factors, eliminate them and prevent the emergence of new ones.
Environment concept
The concept of “environment” includes natural conditions characteristic of a particular area, as well as the ecological state of objects located on it. For a person, the environment is determined by the objects that are around him and with which he is in contact. These include elements of living and inanimate nature. The environment includes the following components:
- Atmosphere is a gaseous shell surrounding the planet.
- Hydrosphere is the watery shell of the planet.
- Lithosphere - the earth's crust, mantle.
- Biosphere is the habitat of living organisms.
Conventionally, two types of environment are distinguished: microenvironment and macroenvironment. Microenvironment is the local environment of a person, which is located in close proximity to it. Macroenvironment is a broader concept that includes biotic (living) and physical (non-living) objects.
The law establishes that people must ensure the normal functioning of all ecosystems. So, Federal law No. 7-FZ “On Environmental Protection” establishes the basic protective principles, defines the concepts that are used in this area, and distributes powers government agencies, explains the rights and responsibilities of citizens and organizations in the region.
Types of pollution
The revolution in science and industry has led to massive pollution of nature, which has affected the health of humanity. When scientists discovered a direct connection between the state of the micro- and macroenvironment and human health, the science of ecology appeared.
The types of pollution that existed were classified, and the relationships of living organisms with humans and the environment were studied in detail.
The following types of environmental pollution have been identified:
All types of environmental pollution harm animals, plants and humans. As a result of the action of polluting factors, thousands of birds, mammals and inhabitants of water bodies die, and humans develop serious diseases. An example of the negative impact of pollution is the destruction of the planet's ozone layer, which is supposed to protect against harmful ultraviolet radiation. As a result of the destruction of the ozone layer, the amount of oncological diseases and diseases of the retina.
Fight against pollutants
Depending on what types of pollution are known, scientists create programs to combat environmental pollutants. Protective measures are becoming a priority for most countries; environmental and environmental measures have reached the level of international cooperation. Anti-pollution measures:
Global environmental pollution can lead to the death of all life on the planet, including humans. The task of humanity is to stop pollution of nature and save life.
The most common type of negative human impact on the biosphere is pollution, which is associated in one way or another with the most acute environmental situations. Pollution call the entry into the natural environment of any solid, liquid, gaseous substances, microorganisms, energy (in the form of sound waves, radiation) in quantities harmful to human health, animals, the condition of plants and other forms of life.
polluter- this is a substance, physical factor, biological species found in the environment in quantities beyond the limits of their natural content in nature. In other words, a pollutant is everything that is present in the environment in the wrong place, at the wrong time, in the wrong quantity.
Any substance or factor can become a pollutant under certain circumstances. For example, sodium cations are necessary for the body to maintain electrolytic balance, conduct nerve impulses, and activate digestive enzymes. However, in large quantities, sodium salts are poisonous; Thus, 250 g of table salt is a lethal dose for humans.
Consequences of pollution of any type can become:
– disruption of life support systems at the local, regional, global levels: climate change, reduction in the natural rate of circulation of substances and energy necessary for the normal functioning of humans and other living beings;
– harm to human health: spread of infectious diseases, irritation and illness respiratory tract, changes at the genetic level, changes in reproductive function, cancerous degeneration of cells;
– damage to vegetation and wildlife; decreased productivity of forests and food crops, harmful effects on animals, which leads to their extinction;
– damage to property: corrosion of metals, chemical and physical destruction of materials, buildings, monuments;
– unpleasant and aesthetically unacceptable effects: unpleasant smell and taste, decreased visibility in the atmosphere, soiling of clothing.
Pollution of the natural environment can be controlled at the input and output. Input controls prevent a potential pollutant from entering the environment or dramatically reduce its entry. For example, sulfur impurities can be removed from coal before it is burned, which will prevent or dramatically reduce the release of sulfur dioxide into the atmosphere, which is harmful to plants and the respiratory system. Output control aims to eliminate waste that has already entered the environment.
Classification of pollutants
Distinguish natural and anthropogenic sources of pollution. Natural pollution is associated with the activity of volcanoes, forest fires, mudflows, and the release of polymetallic ores to the surface of the earth; the release of gases from the bowels of the earth, the activity of microorganisms, plants, animals. Anthropogenic pollution is associated with human economic activities.
Classification of anthropogenic (technogenic) impacts caused by environmental pollution includes the main categories:
1.Material and energy characteristics of impacts: mechanical, physical (thermal, electromagnetic, radiation, acoustic), chemical, biological factors and agents, their various combinations. In most cases, such agents are emissions (i.e. emissions - emissions, sinks, radiation, etc.) from various technical sources.
2.Quantitative characteristics of impact: strength and degree of danger (intensity of factors and effects, mass, concentration, characteristics of the “dose-effect” type, toxicity, permissibility according to environmental and sanitary standards); spatial scales, prevalence (local, regional, global).
3.Temporal parameters of impacts according to the nature of the effects: short-term and long-term, persistent and unstable, direct and indirect, having pronounced or hidden trace effects, reversible and irreversible, actual and potential, threshold effects.
4.Impact categories: various living recipients (capable of perceiving and reacting) - people, animals, plants, as well as environmental components, which include: the environment of settlements and premises, natural landscapes, soil, water bodies, atmosphere, near-Earth space; structures.
Within each of these categories, a certain ranking of the environmental significance of factors, characteristics and objects is possible. In general, in terms of the nature and scale of current impacts, chemical pollution is the most significant, and the greatest potential threat is associated with radiation. Recently, a particular danger has been posed not only by the growth of pollution, but also by their total impact, which often exceeds the final effect of a simple summation of impacts, which has a “peak” effect - synergy. As for the objects of influence, the person comes first.
Sources anthropogenic environmental pollution is caused by industrial enterprises, energy, agriculture, construction, transport, food production and consumption, and the use of household items.
Sources of technogenic emissions can be organized And unorganized, stationary and mobile. Organized sources are equipped with special devices for the directed removal of emissions (chimneys, ventilation shafts, discharge channels), emissions from unorganized sources are arbitrary. Sources also differ in geometric characteristics (point, linear, area) and in operating mode - continuous, periodic, burst.
The sources of chemical and thermal pollution are thermochemical processes in the energy sector - fuel combustion and associated thermal and chemical processes. Associated reactions are associated with the content of various impurities in the fuel, with the oxidation of nitrogen in the air and with secondary reactions already in the environment.
All these reactions accompany the operation of thermal stations, industrial furnaces, internal combustion engines, gas turbine and jet engines, metallurgy processes, and roasting of mineral raw materials. The largest contribution to energy-dependent environmental pollution comes from energy and transport. On average, in the fuel thermal power industry, about 150 kg of pollutants are emitted per 1 ton of standard fuel.
Let's consider the balance of substances of an “average” passenger car with a fuel consumption of 8 liters (6 kg) per 100 km. With optimal engine operation, combustion of 1 kg of gasoline is accompanied by the consumption of 13.5 kg of air and the emission of 14.5 kg of waste substances. Up to 200 compounds are recorded in emissions. The total mass of pollution - on average about 270 g per 1 kg of burned gasoline, in terms of the entire volume of fuel consumed by passenger cars in the world, will be about 340 million tons; for all road transport – up to 400 million tons.
By scale pollution may be local, local, characterized by a high content of pollutants in small areas (city, industrial enterprise); regional when large areas are affected (river basin, state); global when pollution is detected anywhere on the planet (biosphere pollution) and cosmic(garbage, spent spacecraft stages).
As a rule, many anthropogenic pollutants are no different from natural ones, with the exception of xenobiotics, substances alien to nature. These are artificial and synthetic compounds produced by the chemical industry: polymers, surfactants. In nature there are no agents for their decomposition and absorption, so they accumulate in the environment.
Distinguish primary and secondary pollution. At primary In pollution, harmful substances are formed directly during natural or anthropogenic processes. At secondary pollution, harmful substances are synthesized in the environment from primary substances; The formation of secondary pollutants is often catalyzed by sunlight (a photochemical process). As a rule, secondary pollutants are more toxic than primary pollutants (phosgene is formed from chlorine and carbon monoxide).
All types of environmental pollution can be combined into groups: chemical, physical, physicochemical, biological, mechanical, informational and complex.
Chemical pollution associated with the release of chemicals into the environment. Physical pollution associated with changes in the physical parameters of the environment: temperature (thermal pollution), wave parameters (light, noise, electromagnetic); radiation parameters (radiation and radioactive). Shape physical and chemical pollution is aerosol (smog, smoke).
Biological contamination is associated with the introduction and reproduction of organisms undesirable for humans into the environment, with the penetration or introduction of new species into natural systems, which causes negative changes in biocenoses. Contamination of the environment with materials that have an adverse mechanical effect without physical and chemical consequences (garbage) is called mechanical contamination. Complex pollution environment – thermal and and informational, caused by the combined effect of various types of pollution .
Some pollutants acquire toxic properties after entering the body through the process of chemical transformations that occur there. The same substance or factor can cause multiple effects on the body.
The effect of pollutants on the human body manifests itself in different ways. Poisons act on the liver, kidneys, hematopoietic systems, blood, and respiratory organs. Carcinogenic and mutagenic effects – as a result of changes in the information properties of germ and somatic cells, fibrogenic– appearance of benign tumors (fibromas); teratogenic– deformities in newborns; allergenic– causing allergic reactions: damage to the skin (eczema), respiratory tract (asthma); n neuro- and psychotropic effect associated with the effect of a toxicant on the central nervous system of the human body.
According to the mechanism of action of the pollutant on the body, they are distinguished:
– irritating substances that change the pH of the mucous membrane or irritate nerve endings;
– substances or factors that change the ratio of oxidative and reduction reactions in the body;
– substances that irreversibly bind to organic or inorganic compounds that make up tissues;
– fat-soluble substances that disrupt the functions of biological membranes;
– substances that replace chemical elements or compounds in the cell;
–factors influencing electromagnetic and mechanical oscillatory processes in the body.
ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION, impact on the biosphere, posing a danger to wildlife and the sustainable existence of ecosystems. There are natural pollution caused by natural causes (for example, volcanic activity) and anthropogenic pollution associated with human activity. Almost all types economic activity entail some form of pollution. It is accompanied by an increase in the level of substances harmful to organisms, the emergence of new chemical compounds, particles and foreign materials that are toxic or cannot be utilized in the biosphere, an excessive increase in temperature (thermal pollution), noise (noise pollution), electromagnetic radiation, radioactivity (radioactive pollution ) and other environmental changes. Every year, more than 100 billion tons of various rocks are extracted from the bowels of the Earth. When burning about 1 billion tons of standard fuel (including gasoline), biogeochemical cycles include not only additional masses of carbon and nitrogen oxides, sulfur compounds, but also large quantities of elements dangerous to organisms such as mercury, lead, arsenic, etc. Involvement in industrial and agricultural production of heavy metals significantly exceeds the quantities that were in the biosphere cycle during the entire previous history of mankind. Up to 67% of the heat generated by power plants enters the biosphere. By the 21st century, about 12 million compounds previously not found in nature have been synthesized in the world, of which about 100 thousand have become widespread in the environment (for example, chlorine-containing pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls). Environmental pollution is so great that the natural processes of the cycle of substances in nature and the diluting ability of the atmosphere and hydrosphere are not able to neutralize its harmful effects. Natural systems and connections in the biosphere that have developed over a long evolution are disrupted, and the ability of natural complexes to self-regulate is undermined. Ecological disturbances are manifested in a reduction in the number and species diversity of organisms, a decrease in biological productivity, and degradation of ecosystems. Along with this, uncontrolled reproduction of organisms occurs that easily produce resistant forms (some insects, microorganisms). And although in a number of developed countries the volume of emissions and discharges of pollutants into the environment has decreased by the 21st century, in general, pollution of the biosphere is increasing, including due to global (spread across the globe) and persistent (persistent, persisting for many decades ) pollutants. The direct objects of pollution are the atmosphere, water bodies and soils.
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Air pollution. Combustion of oil, natural gas, coal, wood and organic waste are the main sources of pollution with sulfur compounds (SO2, SO3, H2S), oxides of nitrogen (NO, NO2, N2O) and carbon (CO, CO2), aerosols, dust, fumes and heavy metals. Significant amounts of methane are released during the extraction of fossil fuels, during the combustion of various organic substances, etc. The concentration of CO2 over the past 200 years has increased by more than 1.3 times, nitrogen oxides by almost 1.9 times, methane by more than 3 times ( main increase after 1950). Anthropogenic emissions of CO2 (an annual increase of 0.2%, in 2005 exceeded 28 billion tons) and some other gases, including methane, N2O, fluorocarbons, sulfur hexafluoride (SF6), ozone, create a “greenhouse effect” in the atmosphere and can lead to to climate change on the planet. About 60% of sulfur entering the atmosphere is of anthropogenic origin (fuel combustion, production of sulfuric acid, copper, zinc, etc.). Oxides of sulfur, nitrogen and carbon interact with atmospheric water vapor, which causes acid rain, which has become a serious problem. environmental problem in Europe, North America, China. Emissions of chlorofluorocarbons (see Freons) and a number of other substances into the atmosphere lead to the depletion of the ozone layer of the stratosphere, which protects all living things from hard UV radiation. At the beginning of the 21st century, the appearance of an “ozone hole” over the Antarctic was registered (area 28 million km2; 3.9 million km2 more than in 2005). It also covers the southern tip South America, Falkland Islands, New Zealand, part of Australia. The emergence of the “ozone hole” is associated with an increase in the incidence of skin cancer and cataracts. There is an increase in the intensity of UV radiation in the middle latitudes of the Northern and Southern hemispheres of the Earth and in the Arctic. Since the 1990s, forest fires have contributed significantly to air pollution.
In Russia, more than 60 million people live in conditions of high (up to 10 MPC) and very high (more than 10 MPC) air pollution. About 50% of all harmful substances and up to 70% of the total volume of greenhouse gases enter the atmosphere from enterprises of the fuel and energy complex (FEC). Over the period from 1999 to 2003, the number of cities in which the maximum concentration of pollutants is ten times the MPC increased from 32 to 48; the main pollutants are lead, benzopyrene, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, manganese compounds, NO2, H2S, sulfur, dust. In 2001-04, an additional contribution to environmental pollution was made by transboundary deposition of sulfur and nitrogen compounds, as well as cadmium, lead and mercury (mainly from Poland, Ukraine, Germany), which exceeded receipts from Russian sources.
Pollution fresh water oyomov. Industrial development, urbanization and agricultural intensification in the 20th century led to a significant deterioration in the quality of water in continental surface water bodies and a significant part of groundwater. At the beginning of the century, salinization (mineralization) prevailed, in the 1920s - pollution with metal compounds, in the 1930s - with organic substances, and in the 1940s, intensive eutrophication of water bodies began; in the 1950s - radionuclide contamination, after the 1960s - acidification. The main pollutants are agricultural, industrial and domestic wastewater, with which compounds of nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, arsenic, lead, cadmium, mercury, chromium, copper, fluorine and chlorine, as well as hydrocarbons enter water bodies. Large-scale treatment of industrial wastewater began in most countries only in the 2nd half of the 20th century. In Western Europe, more than 95% of wastewater is treated; in developing countries - about 30% (China plans to treat 50% of wastewater by 2010). The most effective treatment facilities remove up to 94% of phosphorus-containing and up to 40% of nitrogen-containing compounds. Pollution of water bodies with agricultural runoff is primarily due to the presence of various fertilizers and pesticides (up to 100 million tons are used annually, up to 300 kg per 1 hectare of agricultural land; up to 15% of them are washed away). In addition, they contain persistent organic compounds, including chlorine-containing pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls, and dioxins. The supply of nitrogen and phosphorus is accompanied by intensive development of aquatic plants and oxygen deficiency in water bodies and, as a consequence, significant disruption of aquatic ecosystems. About 10% of the world's freshwater pollution comes from municipal wastewater. In general, more than 1.5 thousand km3 of wastewater is discharged into inland waters annually, the dilution of which takes about 30% of the total river flow, amounting to about 46 thousand km3. A significant portion of pollutants enters natural waters from the atmosphere, with rain and melt water. In the USA, for example, in the 1980s, up to 96% of polychlorinated biphenyls, 90% of nitrogen and 75% of phosphorus, and most of the pesticides entered water bodies in this way.
By the beginning of the 21st century, more than half of the world's major rivers were heavily polluted, and their ecosystems were degrading. Heavy metals and persistent organic pollutants accumulate in the bottom sediments of rivers and especially reservoirs. From diseases associated with source pollution drinking water, at the end of the 20th century, 3 million people died annually in Africa alone.
In many regions of Russia, pollution of surface water bodies with petroleum products, compounds of copper, manganese, iron, nitrogen, phenol and other organic substances is tens of times higher than the maximum permissible concentration level. About 20% of polluted wastewater comes from fuel and energy complex enterprises. There are frequent cases of high pollution with mercury, lead, sulfides, hydrogen sulfide, pesticides, lignin, and formaldehyde. In 2005, more than 36% of discharged wastewater was polluted above permissible standards. By 2005, environmental degradation affected the ecosystems of 26% of lakes and rivers. Tens of millions of tons of heavy metal salts and other substances hazardous to organisms have accumulated at the bottom of the Volga and other reservoirs, which has turned these reservoirs into uncontrolled sites for the disposal of toxic waste. In 2005, almost 30% of surface water bodies used for drinking water supply did not meet hygienic standards, and more than 25% of water samples did not meet standards for microbiological indicators.
Pollution of the World Ocean within the coastal zone is determined mainly by the discharge of industrial and municipal waste, runoff from agricultural land, pollution from transport and oil and gas production. In coastal parts of the Gulf of Mexico, for example, the concentration of nitrogen compounds, which had remained unchanged since the early 20th century, increased 2.5-fold after 1960 as a result of inputs from the Mississippi River. 300-380 million tons of organic matter are carried into the ocean per year. Dumping of various wastes into the seas is still widely practiced (at the end of the 20th century, up to 17 tons per 1 km2 of ocean). Since the 1970s, the volume of untreated municipal wastewater has increased sharply (for example, in the Caribbean it accounts for up to 90% of wastewater). The share of atmospheric deposition in coastal pollution is projected to increase due to an increase in the number of vehicles and industrial development. Every year, more than 1 million tons of lead, 20 thousand tons of cadmium, 10 thousand tons of mercury and the same amount of lead enter the ocean with river runoff, and about 40 thousand tons of mercury come from the atmosphere.
Every year more than 10 million tons of oil enter the ocean (mostly carried out by rivers). Up to 5% of the Pacific and Atlantic oceans are constantly covered with an oil film. During Desert Storm (1991), emergency oil leaks in Persian Gulf and the Arabian Sea exceeded 6 million tons. As a result of global transport, persistent organochlorine pesticides are found in dangerous quantities in Antarctic and Arctic mammals and birds. Radiochemical production in France, Great Britain, the USSR (Russia) and the USA contaminated the North Atlantic, Arctic Ocean, and Eastern Pacific Ocean with long-lived radionuclides. At the bottom of the world's oceans there are about 60 lost atomic bombs, as well as containers with radioactive waste and reactors with spent nuclear fuel. Tens of thousands of tons of chemical munitions sunk after the Great Patriotic War in the Baltic, White, Barents, Kara, Okhotsk and Japanese seas. A serious threat is ocean pollution from poorly biodegradable synthetic waste. Every year, more than 2 million birds, marine mammals, and turtles die as a result of ingesting plastic debris and becoming entangled in abandoned nets.
In the last 30 years, eutrophication of marine water bodies has been observed (for example, the Black, Azov and Baltic Seas), leading, in particular, to an increase in the intensity of reproduction of phytoplankton, including toxic ones (the so-called red tides). For some seas, biological pollution associated with the introduction of alien species, which enter mainly with the ballast waters of ships, is catastrophic. For example, the appearance of the ctenophore Mnemiopsis in the Azov Sea and the rapana in the Black Sea is accompanied by the displacement of the native fauna.
In internal and marginal seas Russian Federation for some types of pollutants, MPCs are consistently exceeded by 3-5 times. The most polluted areas include the Peter the Great Gulf (Sea of Japan), the northern part of the Caspian Sea, the Sea of Azov, and the Neva Bay (Baltic Sea). The annual removal of petroleum products by rivers in the 1990s was (thousands of tons): Ob - up to 600, Yenisei - up to 360, Volga - up to 82, Lena - up to 50.
Land and soil pollution. By the end of the 20th century, 2.4 million km2 of land was degraded due to chemical pollution (12% of the total area of land whose degradation is associated with anthropogenic factors). More than 150 thousand tons of copper, 120 thousand tons of zinc, about 90 thousand tons of lead, 12 thousand tons of nickel, 1.5 thousand tons of molybdenum, and about 800 tons of cobalt fell onto the soil surface annually from metallurgical enterprises alone. When producing 1 g of blister copper, for example, 2 tons of waste are generated, which in the form of fine particles fall to the surface of the earth from the atmosphere (contain up to 15% copper, 60% iron oxides and 4% each of arsenic, mercury, zinc and lead). Mechanical engineering and chemical production pollute the surrounding areas with tens of thousands of tons of lead, copper, chromium, iron, phosphorus, manganese and nickel. During the mining and enrichment of uranium, billions of tons of low-level radioactive waste are distributed over thousands of km2 in North and Central Asia, Central and South Africa, Australia, and North America. Man-made industrial wastelands are forming around large enterprises in many countries. Acid precipitation causes acidification of soils over millions of km2.
About 20 million tons of chemical fertilizers and pesticides are annually applied to the fields of the world, a significant part of which is not absorbed, does not decompose and causes large-scale soil pollution. Soils on tens of millions of km2 are saline as a result of artificial irrigation (more than 18 million hectares in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Mexico and Peru alone).
Modern cities pollute (landfills, wastewater treatment plants, etc.) an area 5-7 times larger than their own. On average, developed countries produce about 200-300 kg of waste per person per year. As a rule, countries with low living standards produce more waste. According to expert estimates, in the world the volume of municipal waste buried in landfills increased until the 1990s, then began to decrease due to their reuse(in Western Europe about 80%, in the USA up to 34%, in South Africa 31% of municipal waste is recycled). At the same time, the area of land occupied by wastewater treatment facilities (sludge ponds, irrigation fields) is increasing. By the beginning of the 21st century, the removal of toxic waste from developed countries became a serious problem: up to 30% of hazardous waste from Western Europe at the end of the 20th century was buried in the territories of other states.
Technogenic contamination of soils around large thermal power plants (especially those operating on coal and shale) can be traced over an area of several thousand km2 (they include compounds of cadmium, cobalt, arsenic, lithium, strontium, vanadium, as well as radioactive uranium). Thousands of km2 are occupied by ash and slag dumps. The areas around nuclear power plants and other nuclear enterprises are contaminated with radionuclides of cesium, strontium, cobalt, etc. Testing of atomic weapons in the atmosphere (before 1963) led to global persistent contamination of soils with cesium, strontium and plutonium. More than 250 thousand tons of lead per year reach the soil surface with vehicle exhaust gases. The soil is especially dangerously contaminated at a distance of up to 500 m from major highways.
In Russia, over 30% of solid waste comes from fuel and energy companies. More than 11% of residential areas in 2005 were heavily polluted with compounds of heavy metals and fluorine, 16.5% of soils in these areas are susceptible to microbiological contamination. At the same time, no more than 5% of the generated waste is recycled, the rest are a source of constant pollution, many solid waste landfills do not meet sanitary standards. In Moscow and the Moscow region alone, about 3,000 illegal dumps were identified in 2005. More than 47 thousand km2 (mainly Altai, Yakutia, Arkhangelsk region) are contaminated with tens of thousands of tons of rocket metal structures and rocket fuel components as a result of rocket and space programs. The storage areas for prohibited and unusable pesticides (more than 24 thousand tons in 2005), as well as the previously disposed burial sites of these substances, are in unsatisfactory condition. In all areas of oil production, transportation, distribution and refining, soil contamination with oil products and drill cuttings is significant (about 1.8% of the territory of the Russian Federation). During production and transportation (including due to ruptures and leaks from pipelines), about 10 million tons of oil are lost annually.
Environmental protection. Measures aimed at protecting against environmental pollution are part of the problem of nature conservation. They come down mainly to legislative restrictions and a system of fines. The global nature of environmental pollution strengthens the role of international agreements and conventions on pollution prevention. Various countries of the world are making efforts to reduce and prevent pollution, for which dozens of international and hundreds of regional agreements and conventions have been concluded. Among them: Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Materials (1972); Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the Baltic Sea Area (1974); Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution (1979); Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer (1985); Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer (1987); Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal (1989); Convention on Environmental Impact Assessment in a Transboundary Context (1991); UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (1992); Convention on the Protection and Use of Transboundary Watercourses and International Lakes (1992); Convention for the Protection of the Black Sea against Pollution (1992); Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (2001).
See also the articles Biosphere, Environmental Monitoring and the article State and protection of the environment in the volume “Russia”.
Lit.: Tinsley I. Behavior of chemical pollutants in the environment. M., 1982; Global Environmental Outlook: Review of Environmental Change: Yearbook. Nairobi, 2000-2007; Targulyan O. Yu. Dark pages of “black gold”. Environmental aspects of the activities of oil companies in Russia. M., 2002; Protecting the European environment: third assessment. Luxembourg, 2004; On the state and use of water resources of the Russian Federation in 2003: State report. M., 2004; On the sanitary and epidemiological situation in the Russian Federation in 2005: State report. M., 2006; Review of environmental pollution in the Russian Federation for 2005: State report. M., 2006; On the state of the natural environment of the Russian Federation in 2005: State report. M., 2006; Yablokov A.V. Russia: health of nature and humans. M., 2007.
V. F. Menshchikov, A. V. Yablokov.
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Return to Environmental Pollution
Environmental pollution is a prerequisite for an environmental disaster that will inevitably await both us and the entire planet if all measures are not taken to prevent the negative impact on nature, causing a change in its properties and capabilities.
Being inextricably linked with his environment, a person, one way or another, influences it, and every year this influence becomes more significant and, accordingly, more tangible.
Focusing on the most common problems, we can highlight the following causes of environmental pollution:
1. Chemical exposure, manifested in the release of toxic compounds into the environment. It would seem that today almost every production is aimed at cleanliness and waste-free production. However, in fact, the concentration of chemicals emitted by industrial enterprises, oil refineries, and boiler houses is so high that it has become a global problem.
To prevent the deterioration of an already serious situation, it is necessary to carry out a number of measures aimed at reducing chemical emissions into the atmosphere, water resources, soil. These include improvement treatment facilities, use of low-sulfur fuel, work with environmentally friendly raw materials;
I would like to think that our site also helps reduce the chemical impact on the environment.
For example, if we recycle a battery instead of throwing it away, we save 20 square meters. meters of soil without chemical contamination. The same applies to the disposal of mercury lamps, thermometers or waste oils.
2. Biological impact - testing of biotechnologies, the latest research carried out at the genetic level, can give amazing results in one direction and at the same time cause serious harm to the environment. The slightest violation of safety requirements can result in the release of pathogenic microorganisms.
Strict adherence to protective measures, the use of closed water supply systems, high-quality waste and garbage treatment at processing plants will minimize the risk of infection;
3. Radioactive exposure is one of the most dangerous species infection. Even the average person understands that such an impact is comparable to an irreparable catastrophe, after which there may be nothing alive left on the planet.
An increase in background radiation is a consequence of nuclear tests, explosions, the use of specialized equipment, reactions using radioactive substances.
The best solution to this problem may be to abandon the use of nuclear energy. However, given the impossibility of its implementation, timely decontamination work, as well as preventive measures to prevent emergency situations, can partly help.
Rational environmental management is the best possible solution.
Environmentalists are sounding the alarm. Measures aimed at protecting the environment must be taken immediately.
Understanding that the economic component is becoming one of the most important for the manufacturer, in any case, one should focus on the choice of technologies that eliminate the risk of negative impact on nature. The opening of protected areas and reserves can help improve the health of nature.
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Abstract: Environmental pollution is a global problem
Plan
I. Introduction
II. Environmental pollution is a global problem:
1) Causes of pollution
2) Water pollution
3) Air pollution
4) Soil pollution
III. Conclusion
References
I. Introduction
A person who lived in the 20th century found himself in a society that was burdened with many dilemmas that accompanied its socio-economic development. The military struggle around the world, which has already subsided in our time, problems with resettlement, food, healthcare, the problem of electricity, etc. Problems with forest reduction (25 ha/min), land desertification (46 ha/min), growth of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, etc. do not ease the situation. Society is faced with a severe crisis and it can be concluded that its foundations are the positions of relations between society and nature, developed during the transition to a producing economy.
The interaction between society and nature is realized objectively: people are part of nature, and nature is part of its economy through natural resources. At the same time, human dualism predetermines the substantial difference between society and nature and is a prerequisite for contradictions between them. With the advent of mental abilities, a person subordinated his upbringing to the tasks that shape him as a person. The scientific and technological revolution has opened the curtain on opportunities that satisfy the interests and needs of people, and at the same time the load on natural systems has increased thousands of times. The lack of restrictions on the full use of natural resources has led to an irreversible deterioration in environmental quality. Cutting down forests, testing atomic bombs, subordinating everything to electricity - the world, as it may be inappropriate to say, began to resemble a greenhouse in which plants and living beings develop, but with difficulty, which are not helped, but rather seem to put barriers, air and not completely drinkable water.
As it turned out, a fruitful environment and high economic growth have become incompatible with each other. This situation is the root of the global environmental problem.
II. Pollution as a global problem
1) Causes of pollution
In fact, there are not many main reasons for the unsustainability of the environment. It has long become clear that people consider themselves right to solve global problems, trying not to spoil nature, but at the same time, of course, who has what goals, to fill their pockets well. Such an approach to a problem that is already global will lead to the destruction of all living things. What can we say about global warming, which is the outcome of the human factor. Humanity seems to ignore the “hints” of nature, believing that it has superiority over the current situation.
Meanwhile, human technology is increasingly disturbing the balance in the environment.
Along with the growing population on the planet, the pressure on the natural environment is also increasing. The types of pollutants are also becoming more diverse. After all, man progresses. More and more original chemicals are being invented that do not have the best effect on the biosphere. Considerable damage is caused to water resources by the food, petrochemical, and wood processing industries. Various slags and ashes stored on the surface of the earth cause irreversible harm to the atmosphere.
The inappropriate use of natural resources - mineral resources - will soon become scarce. After all, they belong to exhaustible types of natural resources. This outcome occurs during mining, enrichment, transportation, and processing. As a result, enormous volumes of rock masses upset the balance of the lithosphere surface. Under their weight, the earth sinks or swells, this can lead to disruption of the groundwater regime and swamping of large areas.
And one more reason for the gradual destruction of life on Earth. Demographic crisis - many countries with capitalist market economies are interested in increasing the population, rather in increasing the labor force. As the human factor increases, they will open up latest technologies, which will either further destroy existence on the planet, or more intelligent inventions will be developed.
2) Water pollution
Water is the most abundant inorganic compound on Earth. It contains gas and salt compounds, as well as solid elements.
Most of the water is found in the seas and oceans. Fresh water - only 3%. A considerable share of fresh water (86%) is collected in the ice of the polar zones and glaciers.
Reservoirs are threatened to a greater extent by petroleum oils, wastewater from the pulp and paper industry, and wastewater from various chemical plants has a detrimental effect on the development of aquatic organisms. All this contributes to a change in the color, smell, taste of clean water, which is very necessary for the normal development of all living things. Wood waste produces harmful waste that aggravates the existence of fish in water bodies. As a result of this: eggs, invertebrates and other species of aquatic inhabitants die. Also, sewers and laundries cannot be left without attention. With the increase in human ingenuity, as if to improve everyday life, various detergents are produced, which does not have a beneficial effect on water resources. As a result of the nuclear industry, water bodies are contaminated with radioactivity, which causes irreparable harm to health. Scientific research into methods for neutralizing radioactive contamination is in demand.
Wastewater pollution can be divided into two groups: mineral and organic, as well as biological and bacterial.
Mineral pollution comes from wastewater from metallurgical enterprises, as well as from enterprises involved in mechanical engineering.
Fecal wastewater is organic water pollution. Their origin is obtained with the participation of a living factor. City water, waste from paper and pulp, brewing, tanning and other industries.
Living microorganisms are components of bacterial and biological contaminants: helminth eggs, yeast and mold fungi, small algae and bacteria. Most pollutants contain about 40% minerals and 57% organic.
Pollution of water bodies can be characterized by several features:
floating substances on the surface of the water;
modification of the physical qualities of water;
modification of the chemical formula of water
transformation of the types and numbers of bacteria and the appearance of pathogenic microbes.
Under the influence of solar radiation and self-purification, water is able to renew its beneficial properties. Bacteria, fungi and algae help in self-cleaning. There are also developments in industry - mainly workshop and general plant wastewater treatment facilities.
3) Air pollution
The atmosphere is the air envelope of the Earth. The quality of the atmosphere implies the totality of its properties, reflecting the level of impact of physical, chemical and biological factors on people, plants and animals. With the formation of civilization, air pollution is increasingly dominated by anthropogenic sources.
A global problem is the pollution of the atmosphere by impurities, because air masses act as an intermediary in the pollution of other natural objects, contributing to the spread of harmful masses over impressive distances.
The growth of the Earth's population and the rate of its multiplication are the determining factors for the increase in the intensity of pollution of all geospheres of the Earth, as well as the atmosphere. In cities, maximum air pollution is observed, where typical pollutants are dust, gas masses, etc.
Chemical impurities that pollute the air:
1) natural impurities determined by natural processes;
2) arising as a result of human economic activity, anthropogenic.
In areas of active human activity, more stable pollution appears with increased concentrations. The rate of their growth and formation is significantly higher than average. These are aerosols, metals, synthetic compounds.
Various impurities enter the atmosphere in the form of gases, vapors, liquid and solid particles, such as: carbon monoxide (CO), sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides, ozone, hydrocarbons, lead compounds, carbon dioxide (CO2), freons.
The production of cement and other building materials is also a source of air pollution with dust.
Dangerous circumstances include radioactive dust.
4) Soil pollution
Soil is a natural formation that has a number of properties of living and inanimate nature. The depth does not exceed 20-30 cm; on chernozems it can reach about 100 cm.
The soil consists of organic substances, mineral compounds, living organisms; Every soil has its own genotype.
Humus is the main and indispensable condition for the grain content of the soil; it is a complex organo-mineral complex. Under the best farming conditions, a positive balance of humus is maintained in natural conditions.
The value of soils is determined by buffer capacity, humus content, biological, agrochemical, and agrophysical indicators.
The set of natural and anthropogenic processes that lead to soil modification is called degradation; the quantity and quality also changes, and the fertile and economic importance of the land decreases. Soil fertility is quite reduced (over the past 30-35 years, the humus content in the soils of non-chernozem Russia has decreased by 35%). Due to annual emissions into the atmosphere in Russia, which are approximately equal to 50 million tons, the Earth is polluted and deteriorated.
The human factor has a negative impact on land resources, so it is necessary to take appropriate measures for the appropriate use of soils.
The state must protect lands by developing measures that would prevent destruction and pollution, and depletion of land resources.
When water and atmosphere are polluted, emergency measures are taken to clean up emissions. Due to the ability of water resources to regenerate themselves, the environment is more or less stabilized.
With land resources everything is much more complicated. With the constant entry of harmful substances into the soil, it is unable to restore fertility. And then the already contaminated soil itself becomes harmful to water and agricultural products.
Several ways for pollutants to enter the soil:
A) With precipitation, gases enter the soil - oxides of sulfur and nitrogen, which appear in the atmosphere as a result of the operation of enterprises and disperse in atmospheric moisture.
B) During dry weather, solid and liquid compounds usually settle in the form of dust and aerosols.
C) In dry weather, gases are absorbed by the soil, especially damp soil.
D) Various harmful compounds are absorbed by the leaves through the stomata. When leaves fall, these compounds enter the soil.
Chemicals, commonly known as pesticides, are used in agriculture to protect plants from pests, diseases, and weeds. Economic efficiency pesticides has been proven. But, as a result of the toxicity of pesticides and the huge scale of their use (in the world - 2 million tons/year), the danger of their impact on the environment is growing.
III. Conclusion
In the 21st century, civilization around the world has entered a stage of development where the problems of survival and self-preservation of both humanity and the environment, and the wise use of natural resources, come first. This stage of the formation of humanity revealed tasks activated by the increase in the Earth's population and the irrational use of natural resources. Such objections slow down the further development of scientific and technological progress of mankind. Therefore, the most important condition for the formation of humanity is to treat nature with care.
References
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6.Petrov K.M... General ecology. Interaction between society and nature. St. Petersburg: Khimiya, 1997.
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