Heat supply systems. Review of modern methods of heating a private home: selection of boilers, pipes and radiators, as well as alternative heat sources Innovative heating systems

How to improve the performance of a heating system and make its maintenance more comfortable for the owner of a private home. To solve this problem, it is necessary to know new trends and developments in the field of heat supply. All modern heating systems for a private home should not only be convenient, but also have optimal performance characteristics.

Requirements for modern home heating

The purpose of any heating supply is to maintain a comfortable temperature level in the room. However, in addition to this, modern heating of a private house must meet a number of additional requirements.

First of all, this is maximum safety for those living in the house. Those. no heating element or its operation should cause harm to humans. This especially applies to relatively new polymer materials of manufacture. Also, when choosing a system, you should consider the following factors:

• Economic feasibility. It is important that the amount of thermal energy received tends to be similar to that consumed. Modern heating of a private house should have an efficiency close to 100%;
• Minimal maintenance resources. Traditional heating schemes have several significant disadvantages - a large amount of soot (solid fuel boilers and stoves), the need for annual cleaning of pipes, constant monitoring of the volume of fuel and operating mode. Modern types of heating of a private home almost completely eliminate the influence of these factors on work;
• Maximum autonomy.

What needs to be done to fulfill these conditions as much as possible? To do this, it is recommended to study the offers on the market of heating devices and circuits, choosing the optimal assembly for a particular home.

In most cases, it makes more economic sense to upgrade an existing system than to build a completely new one.

Ways to improve heating performance

Modern heating boilers or pipes made of new materials are not always the only factors in improving system parameters. First, experts recommend conducting a comprehensive analysis of external and internal factors affecting the characteristics of heat supply.

The most important of these is the reduction of heat losses in the building. They directly influence the optimal power that modern heating without electricity or a traditional type should have. However, ventilation standards should be taken into account - the air exchange in each room must comply with the standards. Modern methods of heating a private home should not impair the comfort of living.

Methods for optimizing the operation of a heating system can be divided into several types - installation of boilers with a high efficiency rate, installation of pipes with reduced heat transfer and the use of batteries with a good heat transfer coefficient.

Heating system modernization

To improve the current parameters of the system, you can change a number of its components. Such an improvement will be carried out only after calculating the current characteristics and identifying “weak” points in the heating circuit.

The easiest way is to install an indirect heating tank (heat accumulator). Modern electric heating combined with a multi-tariff meter will make it possible to reduce energy costs. It is important to correctly calculate the volume of the tank.

You can also make more global changes to the schema:

• Installation of collector piping. Relevant for houses with a large area;
• Replacing steel pipes with polymer pipes of smaller diameter. This will make it possible to reduce the total volume of coolant, which will entail savings on its heating;
• Installation of control devices– programmers, thermostats, etc. These modern heating devices are designed to monitor the current parameters of the system and change its operating mode depending on the settings.

Installing a new heating boiler will also significantly improve the performance. Modern gas models consume an order of magnitude less energy and have built-in control devices and safety groups. Often, modern methods of heating a country house involve the installation of long-burning pyrolysis boilers operating on fuel pellets or briquettes.

It is necessary to check in advance whether the new heating elements can be installed with the old ones. For example, in open heating installations of polypropylene pipes of small diameter are impossible. They will not be able to ensure natural circulation without installing a pump.

Alternative heating supply at home

Modern heating of a private home should include new methods of generating thermal energy. Unlike standard ones, they have low energy consumption, but are characterized by a small amount of heat generated.

Solar radiation or soil heating of the coolant can be used as a source of thermal energy. It all depends on climatic conditions, land area and financial capabilities:

• . It works on the principle of temperature differences between different layers of soil. To organize the system will require large expenses and special equipment - a heat pump;
• Solar collector. This is one of the types of modern heating without electricity. Directly depends on the intensity of solar radiation in a particular region. In summer it can be used as hot water supply.

Often these systems are installed as auxiliary systems to reduce heating costs. Each of them requires a detailed calculation to determine the feasibility of acquisition and installation. Thus, a complex geothermal installation for a house with an area of ​​150 m² will cost about 700 thousand rubles.

Boilers

The central unit of any classical heating scheme is the boiler. The heat supply parameters largely depend on its functionality. Thus, modern electric boilers for heating a home can take up little space and still generate the optimal amount of thermal energy.

There are quite strict requirements for heating equipment of this type. It must be as safe as possible in operation, technical characteristics must comply with existing standards, and the controls must have a clear and intuitive interface.

Electric heating boilers

Installation of electric heating devices is relevant if the room area is relatively small or there is no main gas supply. In practice, to organize modern electric heating, you can use not only boilers of a classical design with heating elements, but also new models that have a different operating principle.

The operating principle of an electrode boiler is to create the movement of electrodes in a cathode-anode pair. This leads to heating of the water and increased pressure. As a result, coolant circulation occurs. Modern electrode-type heating boilers, in addition to the heating zone, have a control unit, and also provide the ability to connect to a programmer.

To obtain more heat, you can install an induction boiler. It works on the principle of electromagnetic induction that occurs between the core and the winding. To ensure safety, the coil and core are completely isolated from contact with water.

These modern types of electric heating for a private home have several features. The main one is low inertia - water heats up very quickly. However, in addition to this, the following operating features must be taken into account:

• Current heating costs. Heating the coolant using electrical appliances is considered the most expensive;
• Purchase and installation of additional elements – expansion tank, circulation pump, safety group;
• Electrode boilers have special requirements for the coolant. It must contain a relatively large amount of salts to support the electrolysis reaction.

But despite these factors, electric heating has found widespread use in buildings without gas mains. Another advantage is the possibility of organizing separate air heating circuits in each room.

When installing electric boilers, installation of an RCD is required. It is also recommended to install a separate electrical wiring line.

Gas condensing heating boilers

One of the modern methods of heating a private home is the installation of gas condensing boilers. Externally, they are practically no different from traditional ones. The difference is the additional internal heat exchanger.

The essence of the innovative addition is the use of thermal energy from combustion products. The relatively complex network of the internal chimney reduces the temperature of carbon monoxide to form a dew point on an additional heat exchanger. It is connected to the heating return pipe. As a result, the water in it heats up due to the action of hot condensate.

According to the manufacturer, this modern heating device can have an efficiency above 100%. In practice, it reaches 99%, which is a record for heating cats. But for the right choice For a given model, the following factors should be taken into account:

• The resulting condensate must not be discharged into the sewer system. It should be stored in an airtight container;
• For each model of a boiler of this type, there is a recommended operating temperature at which condensation forms on the surface of the secondary heat exchanger;
• High cost of equipment.

Since this modern method of heating a private home requires low-temperature operation, it is recommended to increase the area of ​​radiators and radiators. This entails additional costs for the purchase of system components.

In low-temperature gas boilers, plastic chimneys can be used, since the degree of heating of carbon monoxide will be low - up to +60°C.

Long-burning solid fuel boilers

An alternative to modern stove heating for a private home are long-burning boilers. Unlike traditional models, heating of the coolant occurs not due to the combustion of fuel, but as a result of the ignition of wood or coal gases.

To do this, they limit the flow of air into the combustion chamber, which entails smoldering solid fuel. The released gases enter the afterburning zone through channels, where oxygen is pumped using a fan or turbine. As a result, the gas mixture ignites, releasing a large amount of thermal energy.

The advantages of this modern method of heating a private home are:

• Economical fuel consumption;
• Long working time on one load of wood or coal;
• Possibility of adjusting the degree of heating of the coolant using the intensity of the fan.

One of the disadvantages of this modern heating without electricity is the low temperature of carbon monoxide. This leads to the formation of condensation on the chimney pipe. Therefore, all long-burning boilers must be equipped with a thermally insulated chimney system.

The cost of all the heating boilers discussed above differs depending on the manufacturer and specific power.

A feature of the operation of long-term combustion boilers is a large amount of soot in the combustion chamber and on the heat exchanger. Therefore, they need to be cleaned more often than classic models.

Heating a house without electricity

But what to do if installing modern electric boilers for heating a house is impractical, and there is no gas mains in the house? An alternative is to upgrade your stove or fireplace heating system. To do this, it is necessary to install a system of air ducts connected to the furnace heat exchanger.

Modern stove or fireplace heating of a private house with additional air ducts uses all the energy from fuel combustion. For proper organization, it is necessary to think through the pipeline system. Most often they are located at the top, hidden by a decorative ceiling. To regulate the power of hot air flow, deflectors must be installed in each room.

In addition, you should know the configuration features that are unique to this modern method of heating a country cottage:

• For normal ventilation, an air intake duct from the street should be installed. To prevent dust from entering the system, filters are installed;
• Flow circulation can be improved using fans or turbines. They are also part of modern electric heating at home, if you additionally install electric heating elements;
• Mandatory tightness of the heat exchanger. Under no circumstances should carbon monoxide enter the air ducts.

If we analyze the cost of arrangement, then stove or fireplace types of heating a private house will be an order of magnitude more expensive than traditional methods of heating air. However, the simplest scheme may include only air channels without a filtration system and forced circulation of hot air flows.

If the heating system does not have a channel for air flow from the street, ventilation should be provided in the house. It can be forced or natural.

Radiators and heating pipes

In addition to modern heating boilers, pipes and radiators are no less important components. They are necessary for the efficient transfer of thermal energy to the air in the room. During the design of the system, it is necessary to solve two problems - to reduce heat losses when transporting coolant through pipes and to improve the heat transfer of batteries.

Any modern heating radiators must not only have good heat transfer performance, but also a design that is convenient for repair and maintenance. The same applies to pipelines. Their installation should not be difficult. Ideally, the installation can be carried out by the home owner himself without the use of expensive equipment.

Modern heating radiators

To increase heat transfer, aluminum is increasingly being used as the main material for batteries. It has good thermal conductivity, and casting or welding technology can be used to obtain the desired shape.

But you need to keep in mind that aluminum is very sensitive to water. Modern cast iron heating radiators do not have this drawback, although they have lower energy intensity. To solve this problem, a new battery design was developed in which the water channels are made of steel or copper pipes.

These modern heating pipes are practically not subject to corrosion, having minimal dimensions and wall thickness. The latter is necessary for efficient thermal transfer of energy from hot water to aluminum. Modern heating radiators have several advantages, which are as follows:

• Long service life - up to 40 years. However, it depends on operating conditions and timely cleaning of the system;
• Possibility of choosing a connection method – top, bottom or side;
• The package may include a Mayevsky faucet and a thermostat.

In most cases, models of modern cast iron heating radiators are designed to be designer. They have classic shapes, some of them are made in a floor version with elements of artistic forging.

The efficiency of a heating radiator depends on correct installation and connection method. This must be taken into account when installing the system.

Modern heating pipes

The choice of modern heating pipes largely depends on the material they are made of. Currently, polymer lines made of polypropylene or cross-linked polyethylene are most often used. They have an additional reinforcing layer of aluminum foil or fiberglass.

However, they have one significant drawback - a relatively low temperature threshold of up to +90°C. This entails a large temperature expansion and, as a result, damage to the pipeline. An alternative to polymer pipes can be products made from other materials:

• Copper. From a functional point of view, copper pipes meet all the requirements for a heating system. They are easy to install and practically do not change shape even at extremely high coolant temperatures. Even when water freezes, the walls of copper lines will expand without damage. Disadvantage: high cost;
• Stainless steel. It is not subject to rust, it inner surface has a minimum roughness coefficient. Disadvantages include cost and labor-intensive installation.

How to choose the optimal equipment for modern heating? To do this, it is necessary to use an integrated approach - make the correct calculation of the system and, according to the data obtained, select a boiler, pipes and radiators with the appropriate performance characteristics.

The video shows an example of modern home heating using a heated floor system:

Baibakov S. A., engineer at JSC VTI

1. Current situation and problems.

Due to the peculiarities of climatic conditions, uninterrupted supply of thermal energy to the population and industry in Russia is an urgent social and economic problem. According to various sources, approximately 2020 million Gcal were produced for heat supply purposes in 2000. Over 45% of the total was spent on this total consumption of all types of fuel, which is approximately 2 times more than fuel consumption for the needs of the electric power industry and corresponds to the fuel intensity of all other sectors of the economy.

Currently, heat supply to consumers in large settlements is mainly produced and will be produced in the future from sufficiently powerful centralized heating systems (DHS), which have large thermal power plants or district boiler houses as heat sources.

A significant part of the heat energy needs in our country, and especially in cities with a high concentration of heat loads, is traditionally met by large central heating systems based on steam turbine CHP plants with heating turbines of various capacities, i.e. There is a widespread use of district heating, the use of which objectively allows for significant savings in fossil fuels. Thus, the combined generation of thermal and electrical energy in Russia from various sources allows saving from 20 to 30% of fuel compared to separate generation.

IN modern conditions The development of district heating and heat supply systems based on it began to experience competition from decentralized schemes and separate generation of thermal and electrical energy, due to the following circumstances.

The efficiency of power plants with condensing turbines has increased significantly and reaches 40 - 43%. At the same time, it was possible to increase the efficiency of heating boiler houses, the value of which exceeds the efficiency of power boilers of thermal power plants, and the efficiency of using fuel from small boiler houses can practically reach 100%. All this leads to a decrease in relative fuel economy during district heating. In addition, the development of district heating requires significant initial costs, and the payback period for the creation of large thermal power plants is about ten years. In modern economic conditions, this situation, taking into account the mobility factor, objectively leads to a transition to heat supply from quick-payback, automated and highly economical boiler houses of various capacities, including rooftop and factory-ready house boiler plants, despite the fact that the specific capital costs for such boiler houses are much higher similar indicator for thermal power plants.

One of the main problems with the traditional DHS scheme is the factor of reliability of heat supply. As already noted, the accepted location of base and peak heat sources, the development of heat supply modes and the values ​​of network water parameters were determined without taking this factor into account. As a result, the following situation arose.

The concentration of thermal power and the radial-dead-end structure of heating networks have very limited capabilities for reserving the thermal power of heat sources. Emergency heat transfers can be carried out mainly through the end sections of heating networks that have low throughput. In accordance with this, emergency situations at the heat source or at the head sections of heating networks can lead to a significant and long-term reduction in heat supply to consumers.

To increase the reliability of heat supply at the heat source, it is possible to use backup heat-generating equipment (steam heat exchangers) with steam supplied from station steam collectors or from extractions with higher steam parameters and sectioning the collectors of cogeneration plants of thermal power plants.

In heating networks, increasing the reliability of heat supply is ensured by various methods of redundancy and duplication of pipelines, which leads to increased costs of heating networks and the complication of their circuits. With long main heating networks, increased reliability is ensured by sectioning main pipelines, laying several lines of pipelines with a smaller diameter and organizing jumpers between them. In addition, it is planned to connect consumers to jumper pipelines between adjacent mains, thereby providing the possibility of two-way heat supply.

Another factor that negatively affects the reliability of heating networks is the use of a fairly high temperature schedule of 150/70 o C. With this schedule, per 1 o C change in the outside air temperature there is approximately a 3.0 o C change in the temperature of the network water in the supply line. Accordingly, with possible relatively rapid intraday changes in weather conditions associated with an increase or decrease in air temperature during the heating period by 7-10 o C, a change in the temperature in the supply line by 21-30 o C is required. At the same time, changes in air temperature and, accordingly, water in pipelines are usually cyclic in nature.

In these conditions, operating experience as a measure to improve reliability involves the use of cutting the temperature curve to a maximum temperature of 120-130 o C, which leads to a lack of heat supply for heating. When installing load regulators (water temperature in the heating circuit) at heating points of consumers with an independent heating connection circuit, the use of cutting the temperature curve can lead to a significant increase in water consumption in the heating network and a significant change (complication) in the hydraulic regime of the heating networks.

A decrease in the attractiveness of obtaining heat from heat supply systems using district heating leads to the disconnection of consumers and their transition to other sources of thermal energy. At the same time, production volumes are falling and heat tariffs for other consumers are increasing.

In order to increase the attractiveness of heat supply based on district heating, it is necessary to take organizational and technical measures to increase the reliability and efficiency of heat production and transport, allowing for a thoughtful and comprehensive solution to existing problems, taking into account the expected increase in heat loads of existing systems and the deterioration of main equipment, and especially those installed at thermal power plants peak boilers.

At the same time, as follows from published materials on foreign experience in organizing heat supply, currently in European countries (Denmark, Germany) the creation of large centralized heat supply systems based on the parallel connection to a common heating network of several sources of varying power with combined heat production has become widespread. and electrical energy (Mini-CHP, PGU CHPP, GTU CHPP).

This approach is due to the significant fuel savings obtained when using district heating and the ability to most effectively solve environmental problems when burning organic fuel. At the same time, the regulation of heat supply in the systems under consideration is carried out in accordance with the schedule of quantitative and qualitative regulation at a maximum design temperature in the supply line at the level of 110 - 130 o C. Normal operation of heat supply systems in these conditions is possible only under the condition of complete automation of thermal energy consumers.

2. Analysis of existing proposals for the structure and schemes of the central heating system.

Modern central heating systems are a complex engineering complex of thermal energy sources (main and peak) and heat consumers, interconnected by heating networks for various purposes and balances, having characteristic thermal and hydraulic regimes with given coolant parameters. The magnitude of the parameters and the nature of their changes are determined by the technical capabilities of the main structural elements of heat supply systems (sources, heating networks and consumers), economic feasibility and, to a large extent, the accumulated experience in creating and operating such systems.

Recently, close attention has been paid to increasing the efficiency of combined heat generation and heat supply systems based on it. Many authors and organizations have developed various proposals on possible directions for changing the structural diagrams of such systems. At the same time we're talking about not about the use of new equipment, such as the use of steam-gas cycles for district heating, which in itself makes it possible to increase the efficiency of heat supply, but rather about the development of unconventional schemes for heat supply systems in general, in which the advantages of combined heat energy production are used to the greatest extent.

One of such proposals is the well-known proposal from the technical literature /1/ by Doctor of Technical Sciences. Andryushchenko A.I., the essence of which is the transition to a centralized supply of heat from the combined heat and power plant only for hot water supply with its supply to heat consumption areas according to a single-pipe scheme. In this case, the heating load is provided by peak sources located directly in the areas of heat consumption with different compositions of heat-generating equipment and corresponding heating networks. The supply of water and heat from thermal power plants to two-pipe district heating networks is carried out in the form of their replenishment to compensate for direct water withdrawal for hot water supply in district networks, carried out according to an open scheme.

The use of such a central heating scheme makes it possible to increase the efficiency of combined generation by reducing the temperature of heat removal from the heating outputs of turbines with a stable annual load for heat supply.

However, heat supply systems with a similar structure can obviously be used in completely new construction, as well as in the reorganization of a heat supply scheme that involves the use of either a suburban CPP or a new CHPP with heat supplied to existing district heating networks, which use city block boiler houses as heat sources. Those. the use of the proposal under consideration requires a special organization of the system, characterized by the concentration of a significant load of hot water supply and the construction of heating networks for its transmission to areas of heat consumption.

The proposed scheme cannot be used for existing urban heat supply systems based on large thermal power plants based on the practical impossibility of transferring the hot water supply load to one of the sources. In addition, when using open hot water supply schemes, the need to create appropriate water treatment with high productivity and the availability of source water of a certain quality should be taken into account.

Several options for changing the connection schemes for peak sources in heat supply systems and the operating conditions of heating networks are given by the authors from the Ulyanovsk State Technical University in the monograph /2/.

Basically two proposals can be considered.

The first of them proposes to connect peak boiler houses at thermal power plants in parallel to network heaters and transfer the operation of heating networks to a lower temperature schedule using central quantitative or qualitative-quantitative regulation.

In this regard, it should be said that with modern automation schemes for heating points, a central change in water flow at the heat source is impossible, since water flow is determined by regulators at the heat consumer. In addition, the possibility of complying with restrictions on permissible water flows through turbine network heaters in the event of significant changes in flow rates in heating networks, which may require shutting down the heat supply turbines and operating them in purely condensing mode, raises doubts.

In addition, for existing heat supply systems, a direct transition to a lower temperature schedule is also not possible, since with the same heat load, the significantly increased flow of network water cannot be passed through heating networks with the same pipeline diameters.

The second proposal considers the possibility of transitioning to complete decentralization of peak power installations of heat supply systems with its production directly from consumers. This proposal is also unlikely to be economically justified in terms of the total costs of the heat supply system, although, according to the authors, it allows for significant fuel savings.

So, it is proposed to use either electric heaters or house gas boilers as peak sources. All this together will obviously be much more expensive than the reconstruction of a peak water heating boiler house at a thermal power plant, since it will require relocation of either electrical networks or gas pipes. In addition, the use of electricity for heating purposes, as previous experience shows, allows one to obtain economic benefits only if there is an excess of cheap electricity produced, for example, by hydroelectric power plants.

The authors practically do not consider the operating modes of heating networks under the proposed schemes.

One of the latest proposals made by a group of authors from Belarus (Skoda A.N. and others), which consists in switching heat supply from thermal power plants to three-pipe heating network schemes with separate heat supply for heating and hot water supply /3/. At the same time, at the thermal power plant, the hot water supply load is provided mainly through the use of the condenser heating bundle and the lower stage extraction, and the heat supply for heating is produced from the upper heating extraction.

The proposed version of the heat supply system diagram has a number of advantages. The efficiency of the turbine increases due to the elimination of a purely ventilation passage and the generation of electricity from thermal consumption while reducing the parameters of heat removal from the cycle. At the same time, the operating modes of thermal heating networks are improved by stabilizing the hydraulic regime and making it possible to reduce the water temperature in the supply line at positive air temperatures in accordance with the heating schedule, due to the absence of the need to break the temperature schedule. The use of storage tanks for hot water supply, installed in areas of heat consumption, also makes it possible to have a stable hydraulic and thermal regime in the pipelines of the hot water supply system from thermal power plants.

For the above SCT scheme, it is necessary to install equipment for preparing water for hot water supply at the CHP plant, and in addition, the use of such a scheme in existing systems is practically impossible to implement, since almost all heating networks from the CHP plant require additional laying of pipelines for hot water supply networks. The proposed scheme can be considered as an option when creating new centralized heat supply systems.

The above works examine in detail mainly direct heat sources (cogeneration equipment of turbines and peak boiler houses) and increasing efficiency in heat generation, but insufficient attention is paid to the conditions and operating modes of connected heating networks and heat consumers, as well as issues of creating integral systems based on the proposed options. This especially concerns the possibilities of using the above proposals for use in already established central heating systems with a traditional scheme.

However, the presence of the above problems with centralized heat supply and the possible increase in heat loads in cities will require raising the question of the feasibility of their reconstruction and modernization. At the same time, existing problems must be solved in a comprehensive manner, taking into account existing conditions and possible operating modes of heating networks and consumers.

3. Proposals for changing the schemes of existing central heating systems.

As the main directions for achieving the goals set above, one should first of all consider proposals that allow for the possible decentralization of heat sources and a reduction in the temperature schedule of heating networks.

For heat supply systems with a traditional structure, reducing the temperature schedule of heating networks is an expensive and difficult task. This is determined mainly by the possibilities of regulating the heat supply for heating at consumer heating points and the pipeline diameters adopted when designing heating networks.

Below we propose a possible option for changing the structure of currently operating central heating stations, the implementation of which will make it possible to ensure the fulfillment of the specified conditions at the lowest cost.

It is proposed to reconstruct the heat supply system, transferring peak heat sources from thermal power plants to areas of heat consumption. At the same time, the peak boilers at the thermal power plant that require reconstruction are dismantled, and new peak heat sources are equipped on the heating networks of all large outputs of the thermal power plant and are connected to existing mains at intermediate points. A schematic diagram of the heat supply system with such a transfer of peak sources is shown in Fig. 1, which also shows the initial diagram of the SCT (Fig. 1 a) with a traditional structure.

Hot water boilers can be used as peak sources, as well as various other types of heat generating equipment, including combined cycle power plants or gas turbine power plants. The choice of the type of peak source is generally determined based on the results of technical and economic calculations.

The transfer of peak sources to areas of heat consumption divides heating networks with connected consumers into two zones: the zone between the thermal power plant and the point of connection of the peak source (CHP zone); and the zone after the peak source (peak boiler zone). At the same time, different temperature (temperature curves) and corresponding hydraulic regimes can be maintained in both zones. As shown in Fig. 1, switching on peak sources via network water can be done either in series with the heating equipment of the CHP plant, or in parallel with the equipment of the CHP plant. Each connection scheme has its own advantages or disadvantages.

When connected in series, a large flow of water with a relatively high temperature in front of the source will pass through the peak source, which is important when using hot water boilers. This scheme provides for the supply of heat only to the peak source zone in the absence of the possibility of delivering thermal power to the CHP zone.

With a parallel connection, a reduced flow rate with the return temperature at the inlet passes through the peak source, but at the same time it is possible to supply water and heat to the heating networks of the CHP area, thereby providing the possibility of reserving the thermal power of the CHP. A mixing pump is installed at the peak source.

In real conditions, both parallel and series connection of peak sources can be used simultaneously. The choice of specific schemes is determined by the hydraulic characteristics of existing heating networks and the necessary backup conditions.

The proposed change in the structure of the heat supply system makes it possible to reduce the thermal power supplied directly from the thermal power plant to the power level of the heating equipment of the turbines. Under this condition, the existing water flow can be passed through existing pipelines without changing the diameter, which makes it possible to switch to a lower temperature schedule in the CHP area.

The length of heating networks after the peak source is comparatively less than the total length of the network of the original system, which allows for large pressure (pressure) losses, provided that the same available pressure is ensured at the most distant consumers. In accordance with this, in networks after the peak source it is also possible to switch to a reduced schedule with increased flow rates of network water.

The proposed structural diagram of the central heating system leads to the decentralization of heat sources with the possibility of their mutual redundancy and at the same time makes it possible to switch to a lower temperature schedule in heating networks, which should ensure increased reliability of heat supply. The transition to the proposed structural scheme of the central heating system will only require bringing the automation of consumer heating points to the required level.

In addition to these advantages, the proposed scheme allows you to increase the connected load and power of the heat supply system in certain areas of the heating network by increasing the power of peak sources, without changing the diameters of the pipelines of the rest of the network and the characteristics of other heat sources included in the central heating system.

It should be noted that the hydraulic and thermal conditions of heating networks and heat sources, among other conditions, also depend on the location of the connection of the peak source to the heating network, i.e. from removing the connected peak source from the thermal power plant.

As an example of determining the indicators of the modes and assessing the main conditions for the reconstruction of the central heating system, the required parameters and operating modes were considered when changing the layout of the centralized heat supply system with a conditional design heat load of consumers of 1 Gcal/h.

The initial heating network is connected to consumers only with a heating load at a design temperature in the premises of +18 o C. Under these conditions and the temperature schedule of the traditional scheme of 150/70 o C, the water consumption in the network is constant and equal to 12.5 t/h.

It was assumed that the heating coefficient for the original traditional scheme is 0.5, i.e. half of the design load of the system is covered from the turbine heating outputs. The other half is provided by the peak boiler room. The graph for covering the thermal load of the heating supply system depending on the outside air temperature (relative heating load), adopted based on the condition of the maximum heat load of the heating turbines of the CHP plant, is shown in Fig. 2

Rice. 2 Schedule for covering the thermal load of the heating system.

For preliminary analysis, we will assume that the connection of the heat load is distributed evenly over the heating network, which is one dead-end main line of varying diameter along the length of the network. The total relative length of the network is 1.

Schemes of the initial heat supply system and the system after transferring the peak source (peak boiler house) to the heat consumption area are shown in Fig. 3. In the same fig. The symbols used in the following are given for the main parameters of the SCT modes.

A. Initial (traditional) SCT scheme

b. Transformed SCT circuit

Rice. 3 SCT conversion diagram and symbols.

Legend:

1 - Heat and power plant heating equipment

2 - Peak source (peak boiler room)

To assess changes in the hydraulic regimes of the heat supply system, it was assumed that in the heating network with a traditional scheme there is a linear change in pressure along the length of the pipelines. In this case, the relative available pressure at the thermal power plant under the traditional scheme is equal to 1, and the stability of the network (the ratio of the available pressure at the subscriber input to the available pressure at the thermal power plant) is 0.2, i.e. the available pressure at the last consumer is equal to 20% of the developed pressure at the thermal power plant.

Based on the results of the calculations, the technical feasibility of implementing the transfer of the peak source to the heat consumption area and the recommended operating modes of the heat supply system will be shown. It should also be taken into account that the choice of basic parameters and solutions (power ratio, location of the peak source, accepted temperature schedules, etc.) is obviously determined not only by purely technical, but also by technical and economic conditions. The proposed material does not consider technical and economic conditions.

For the new heat supply system, the same schedule for covering the total thermal load of the system was adopted as for the original network, which is shown in Fig. 2, i.e., the peak source provides half the load under design conditions and the heating coefficient for the central district heating system as a whole remains equal to 0.5.

We will assume that for consumers connected to the network after the transferred peak source (PC zone), a heating temperature schedule of 130/70 o C is accepted. For consumers in the CHP zone, the calculated temperature schedule is accepted lower based on the possibility of turbine heat extraction and equal to 120/70 o WITH.

Provided that consumer heating points are automated, the temperature in the return line of the network will not change during reconstruction and will remain equal to this temperature for the original heating network.

The possible point of connection of the peak source to the heating networks under the accepted conditions is determined by the hydraulic mode of the original system and the conditions of the resulting hydraulic modes when transferring the peak source, for which the requirement of ensuring the previous available pressures at the connected consumers must be met.

As shown by the calculations of the thermal-hydraulic modes of the transformed heat supply system, the point of connection of the peak source closest to the thermal power plant, provided that the specified available pressures are provided at the connected consumers, is 60% of the total length of the original heating network, i.e., it is removed by 0.6 relative units of the total length of the network from the thermal power plant. At the same time, the estimated heat load of consumers in the CHP zone will be 0.6 Gcal/h, and in the peak boiler zone 0.4 Gcal/h.

For the central heating system, after reconstruction, the original schedule for covering the total thermal loads of the system is preserved. However, the load coverage graphs for the CHP and peak boiler zones for the conditions of Fig. 2 are more complex.

The graph for covering the thermal loads of consumers in the CHP zone depending on the relative heating load is shown in Fig. 4, graph of coverage of thermal loads of consumers in the peak boiler zone - in Fig. 5

In Fig. Figure 4 shows graphs of changes in the load of consumers in the CHP zone and heat supply from the CHP. A graph of heat supply from the thermal power plant to the peak source zone (to the PC zone) is also given. The latter, at relative loads greater than 0.83 (at low outside temperatures), has negative values, which indicates the need to supply heat to the CHP zone from a peak source.

Figure 5 shows graphs of the load of consumers in the PC zone and the heat supply from the peak source. In the same fig. a graph of heat supply to the PC zone from the thermal power plant is also shown, which at relative loads greater than 0.83 has negative values, indicating, as already noted, that heat is supplied from the peak source to the thermal power plant zone.

Temperature graphs of the central heating system for the CHP zone and the peak boiler room are shown in Fig. 6, which also shows the temperature graph of the original MCT for comparison.

As follows from Fig. 6, the temperature graph from the CHP of the converted heat supply system has a complex dependence on the outside air temperature. The maximum temperature under design conditions corresponds, as indicated earlier, to 120 o C, and the minimum temperature of network water from the thermal power plant at the start (end) of the heating period is taken to be 70 o C. The graph under consideration has a break point at a relative load equal to 0.5, corresponding to the peak switching point boiler room The temperature at this point determines the highest water flow in the pipelines of the CHP zone, transmitted to the PC zone, which determines the most intense hydraulic regime of the CHP zone and the heat supply system as a whole. The temperature at the break point was determined based on the conditions for ensuring the necessary hydraulic conditions for the connected consumers at the accepted connection point of the portable peak source.

It should be noted that the temperature level in the supply line from the heating part of the thermal power plant determines the efficiency of the combined generation of thermal and electrical energy, and the lower it is, the higher the specific combined production.

Corresponding to the above data on temperatures in various parts of the heating system circuit at the accepted point of transfer of the peak source, graphs of water consumption depending on the relative heating load (outside air temperature) in various sections of the heating system circuit are shown in Fig. 7. For comparison, the figure shows the required flow rate of network water from the thermal power plant for the original heat supply system at a temperature curve of 150/70 o C.

As follows from Fig. 7, the water consumption from the thermal power plant in the reconstructed heat supply system is significantly lower than the initial value of 12.5 t/h and increases as the outside air temperature decreases from 6.5 to 10.0 t/h. The water flow through the peak source with a decrease in air temperature first decreases from 4.1 to 3.6 t/h and then increases to a maximum value under design conditions equal to 8.7 t/h.

Just as during heat supply, in the reconstructed central heating system there are water flows between the CHP zone and the PC zone. Water consumption by zones is shown in Fig. 8 and 9.

Figure 8 shows a graph of the total water consumption for consumers in the CHP zone, a graph of water consumption from the CHP and a graph of water supply to the CHP zone from the peak source. The latter has negative values ​​for relative loads less than 0.83 and shows that at these relative loads there is a supply of water from the pipelines of the CHP area (from the CHP) to the peak source.

In Fig. Figure 9 shows graphs of water consumption in the peak source zone, as well as graphs of water consumption for consumers in the PC zone, water consumption through the peak source and water consumption from the thermal power plant to the PC zone. In this case, the maximum value of water flow supplied from the thermal power plant to the peak source is noted at a relative load equal to 0.5 and corresponding to the switching point of the peak boiler house. The value of this flow rate is 3.3 t/h.

Based on the above data on the calculated hydraulic mode of the original network and the conditions for connecting the thermal load, calculations of hydraulic modes were carried out and piezometric graphs of the reconstructed network were constructed for characteristic relative loads (outside air temperatures), shown in Fig. 10.

In Fig. piezometric graphs are shown at the design temperature of the outside air, at the most intense hydraulic mode corresponding to the relative load at the point at which the peak source starts operating and, for comparison, a piezometric graph of the heating network of the original heat supply system. As follows from Fig. 10 requirements for hydraulic modes for the converted central heating system (requirements for available pressures of connected consumers) are met in all modes.

The obtained calculation results show the possibility of technical implementation of the proposed change in the central heating system scheme, and the results are presented for one of the possible options. For the accepted conditions of changing the scheme, the costs of pumping coolant increase and the indicators of specific combined heat energy production deteriorate, since heat is released from the heating equipment of the CHP plant at higher temperatures in the supply line of the heating network of the CHP zone than for the original SCT circuit. However, for the modified design of the heat supply system, the level of maximum temperatures in the supply line will decrease, which, together with the decentralization of heat sources, will increase the reliability of heat supply with a slight decrease in its efficiency.

The technical and economic indicators of the above-considered option for reconstructing the central heating system for given design temperature schedules are determined by the accepted point of connection of the peak heat source to the heating network. Thus, removing the connection point of the peak source from the thermal power plant leads to an improvement in the performance of hydraulic modes, namely, to an increase in the available pressures in the heating network. This circumstance makes it possible to either increase the water flow from the thermal power plant with a decrease in the temperature in the supply line of the thermal power plant zone and thereby improve the performance of combined heat and electricity generation, or reduce the available pressures at the thermal power plant and the peak source, reducing the additional energy consumption for pumping coolant. In this case, one should also take into account the change in heat losses in heating networks associated with changes in the temperature regime of heating networks

The choice of the main parameters of the variable SCT scheme is the result of technical and economic optimization calculations and is not considered in the proposed material.

4. Conclusions.

1. Existing developed centralized heat supply systems based on large urban thermal power plants with a traditional layout require reconstruction, both in terms of the equipment used and in the structural diagrams. Such reconstruction should lead, first of all, to increasing the reliability of heat supply and providing opportunities to increase the connected load.

2. The proposals for changing the schemes of heat supply systems given in modern technical literature give rise to a number of comments. Most of these proposals make it possible to increase the efficiency of using combined generation, but are practically of little use for existing central district heating systems due to the significant costs of their implementation, associated mainly with heating networks. Other proposals require a comprehensive analysis and additional calculations for heat supply modes and coolant parameters at various points in the circuits with determination of the total costs of creating and operating such systems.

3. The scheme proposed in the article for the reconstruction of traditional heat supply systems, associated with the transfer of peak sources to the area of ​​heat consumption and their connection to existing heating mains, is technically feasible and makes it possible to increase the reliability of heat supply by improving backup conditions and switching to lower temperature schedules. In this case, there is no need to re-wire heating networks, but only to bring the automation of consumer heat load connection circuits to the modern level.

References

1. Andryushchenko A.I. Combined heat supply systems. // “Thermal power engineering”. 1997. No. 5. pp. 2-6.

2. Sharapov V.I., Orlov M.E. Technologies for ensuring peak load of heat supply systems. M.: Publishing House “Heat Supply News”, 2006.-208 p.; ill.

3. Skoda A. N., Skoda V. N., Kukharchik V. M. Improvement of combined heat supply technologies. "Electric stations". 2008. No. 10. From 16-17.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

Arranging numerous communications in a private building is a very labor-intensive task, since this work requires increased attention from the owners, and sometimes very specific construction skills. At the same time, as a rule, special importance is attached to it, since the comfort of living in the house will depend on its quality.

Today, it is not enough to simply install and connect all the elements of the heating circuit; it is also important to ensure that the entire system functions not only stably, but also as economically as possible. The constant increase in electricity tariffs, rising prices on the fuel market and other unpleasant factors oblige consumers to equip modern heating for a private home according to the principle of lowest energy consumption. What kind of modern heating systems are found, as well as the features of their design from the point of view of their efficiency, will be discussed further.

Traditional heating elements at the present stage

Innovative materials for arranging heat supply have firmly entered modern life, but sometimes their use is completely optional, since it is possible to equip heating in a private house using traditional and familiar elements, manufactured, however, in accordance with the latest developments.

Heating boilers

Modern heating of a country house requires a powerful heating boiler.

Among the new products in this category that have appeared on the construction market, the following samples can be noted:

• induction type boilers operating from the electrical network. These structures are a pipe consisting of a dielectric with a metal core placed inside. They got their name due to the presence of an induction coil wound on top of the pipe. It is this part of the boiler that is the source of energy currents. As a result, the device heats up and transfers thermal energy to the coolant, which, as a rule, is ordinary water. Among the advantages of this model is high productivity, despite its very small size. In addition, the design of the induction boiler does not have components prone to wear, which is also important;
• boiler, called an electrode boiler. Its shape is also extremely convenient due to its small size. Heating of the coolant is achieved by placing two electrodes inside it, as a result of which the water, which is an electrolyte, is heated.

  The peculiarity of this boiler model is that it is completely safe for operation, since if even a minimal leak occurs, the mechanism will immediately stop working due to the principle of its design.

  However, due to the fact that the functioning of such a boiler directly depends on electricity, its operation can hardly be called economical, since electricity costs will be very significant, despite the assurances of many sellers of this equipment;

• boilers called condensing boilers. These mechanisms are heating elements that run on gas, or more precisely, on the energy obtained from its combustion. This means that all combustion products condense on a specially designated heat exchange element, due to which it is heated.

  What makes such boilers notable is that their performance is very high (the efficiency can reach 100% or even more, provided that the total volume of thermal energy released is taken as 100%).

  The operating principle of such a boiler is based on a process called pyrolysis. Firewood, which serves as the main fuel, burns in two stages. Initially, combustion takes place in conditions of a small amount of oxygen, resulting in the appearance of ash and gas, which subsequently burns in a separate chamber. Thanks to this operating principle, it becomes possible to control the operation of the boiler and distribute heating throughout the entire home as conveniently as possible.

Modern heating batteries

Modern heating systems for a private home usually cannot do without radiators, among which special attention should be paid to the following models:

• The best choice for installing a heat supply system in a private building is batteries made of aluminum. These products have excellent technical characteristics, and also, no less important, quite affordable cost;
• There are also convectors made of copper-aluminum alloy, which belong to bimetal devices, that is, those for the production of which two metals were used. These devices take the form of a copper pipe equipped with special aluminum fins.

Installation of modern radiators can be done in three ways:

• on the floor surface;
• on the wall, when the device is fixed to its surface using brackets;
• inside the floor (in this case, installing a weak, low-power fan near the battery can help increase thermal energy transfer rates).

Types of heating pipes

Modern heating systems for private houses often have one of the two most common pipe options in their designs:

1. Pipes made of polypropylene. Their strengthening is achieved through reinforcement with aluminum-based foil or, alternatively, fiberglass. Such products are characterized by high strength, they are convenient to use and easy to install. The strength of the connections of polypropylene pipes is explained by special welding using low temperature technology.
2. Pipes made of such innovative material as cross-linked polyethylene. As a rule, such models are used exclusively for the installation of a modern structure called a “warm floor”. These products are distinguished by their high strength and at the same time quite unexpected flexibility, which makes them possible to install with a bend.

Some experts as alternative option It is recommended to use pipes made using corrugated stainless steel. In this case, the fastening elements of the structural parts of such pipes should be special fittings, the operation of which is based on the use of silicone treated at high temperatures.

But the option with stainless steel pipes is still more suitable for a city apartment than for a private house, since their installation in a city will require significantly lower costs than in a private building.

Innovative heating materials

Having mentioned traditional methods of installing heating systems, one cannot fail to note those heat supply options that have become popular relatively recently, but at the same time have managed to gain wide popularity. As a rule, most of these products operate on the principle of maximum energy conservation, while such properties as environmental friendliness are also taken into account.

Heated floor system

You can resort to a technology called heated floors for the reason that the use of standard radiators implies uneven distribution of heat in the room. Large quantity The air heated by the batteries escapes through the roof of the house.

In order to significantly reduce heat loss, it is worth considering installing a heat source under the floor surface. In this case temperature parameter in the home will be leveled and will be almost the same both under the ceiling and in the floor area.

To date, three options for installing heated floors have been developed, which include the following:

1. Water-based heated floor. In this case, it is necessary to lay a solid pipe made of metal-plastic or cross-linked polyethylene into the screed. The maximum possible heating of the coolant in such a system should reach 40 °C.
2. A cable operating from the electrical network. This option is a good alternative to a water system, provided that electricity is the main source of energy for heating. There are also samples in the form of heating mats.
3. Warm floor of film type. This system looks like a thin mat equipped with small tracks along which current flows. It is very convenient to install such a warm floor, since its installation does not require any serious preparatory measures, and the installation of electric film can be done on any surface (tiles, linoleum, laminate).

Modern heating with infrared heaters

To modern equipment designed to heat private house, also include heaters that operate using infrared radiation. Today you can find two examples of these devices: mechanisms equipped with a quartz tube with a spiral inside and operating at high temperatures, as well as panels whose operating temperature is low.

The second version of the heaters can also be equipped with a spiral, heated, however, to no more than 90 °C. But usually the design of such a model includes a ceramic panel, behind which the main heating part in the form of a film is located.

An interesting fact is that such equipment can be installed by hand, and its maintenance is extremely simple: the structure is suspended from the surface of the ceiling or wall, and then connected to the electrical network.

Obvious savings in this case are achieved due to two main factors:

1. The heat distribution in this case is almost identical to that observed in a heated floor system - the heated air is distributed evenly over the entire area of ​​the room, leaving no cold areas and preventing heat loss.
2. Due to the physical properties of infrared radiation, the comfortable temperature obtained with such heating can be significantly lower than usual and amount to about 16 - 18 °C, which has a positive effect on thermal energy consumption and saves money.

Use of thermal accumulators

As is known, in many utility organizations, electricity tariffs at night differ significantly downwards compared to daytime electricity supply. Therefore, in order to coordinate the process of heating a residential building throughout the whole day, you can use a device called a thermal accumulator, which is a capacious tank equipped with thermal insulation. It's not difficult to do at all.

Thus, with the help of a heat accumulator, you can configure the system so that the water in the heating circuit will be heated exclusively at night, when electricity charges are lower, and during the day the coolant will be gradually transferred to the radiators.

Its installation in conjunction with a heating boiler operating on solid raw materials will help improve its performance properties. The power of such equipment is quite enough to accumulate heat with just one load of fuel per day.

Operating principle of solar collectors

Despite the seemingly archaic nature of such a device at first glance, a solar collector, the operating principle of which is based on using sunlight as the main source of energy, is capable of heating a private building to the required extent. They work on the same principle, which are very practical.

Externally, this device is a dark-colored tank with glass on top. Thanks to the black tint, which attracts heat faster than the light one, the tank heats up, and heat loss is minimal thanks to the convection provided by the glass structure.

Of course, such equipment is relevant only during daylight hours, and at night and in cloudy weather, as it becomes clear, such a convector will not be of much use.

However, its use can help reduce home heating costs, especially in hot climates.

Heat pump - a modern heating device

A mechanism that is used in many private buildings today is a heat pump. Heating systems equipped with this device are highly economical, even in comparison with the above-described infrared devices and heated floor designs. This is explained by the fact that the electricity consumed by the pump is not used to create thermal energy, but to transfer it to heating devices from a completely different source.

According to the principle of operation, such a pump is in many ways reminiscent of a standard refrigerator, with the only difference being that its operation is directed in the opposite direction, but not for cooling, but for heating.

Thus, we can say with confidence that the use of modern heating devices in private homes can significantly reduce energy consumption and save a significant portion of financial resources. It is only important to pay attention to the high-quality installation of these products, therefore, if difficulties arise with their connection and operation, you can always contact qualified specialists who have various photos of heating devices and detailed videos that simplify all installation work.

The heating season in Russia lasts about seven months. For owners of private houses and those who are just planning to become one, the issue of efficient heating of the premises becomes a difficult task that is not so easy to solve. Let's try to figure out what modern heating systems in a private home are.

Most often, water or various antifreeze liquids that circulate through pipes are used for heating. The liquid is heated using gas boilers, which can operate on liquid, solid and gas fuels. Recently, electrode and induction boilers have been used as heating elements.

Water heating is popular due to the availability and efficiency of the coolant among owners of cottages and other suburban housing. The water system is easy to install yourself. The positive thing is that the volume of water in the system remains constant.

The disadvantages of water heating are the long time it takes to warm up the room, possible leaks and pipe ruptures. Cannot be disabled water system in winter, as the water will freeze and burst the pipes.

Progressive heating systems

The design of modern heating systems for private houses is fundamentally different from traditional heating methods. Heating technology is developing rapidly every year. The equipment is being improved and becomes more efficient.

New energy sources are emerging that meet the requirements for protecting the natural environment and the general comfort of equipment operation.

An innovative development of Russian scientists is the PLEN infrared heating system. It consists of the thinnest polymer film and a resistive heating element made of carbon filaments.

PLEN emits the thermal component of sunlight, which is absorbed by the floor, ceiling, furniture and creates a comfortable room temperature.

Characteristics

The maximum surface temperature of this structure is 60°C, but to create the most comfortable conditions in the house, 30° - 40°C is sufficient.

PLEN can be laid over the entire surface of the base of the room, covering it with laminate or any other type of covering. If you mount the system on the ceiling, you will get a feeling of warmth and comfort like from the sun. It is also possible to attach the structure to the walls, but its effectiveness will suffer.

One of the advantages of a film heater is the absence of liquid coolant. This eliminates the need to install complex systems, leaks, and freezing of liquids. In addition, film heating systems have a number of other advantages:

• do not dry the air;
• there are no intense heat flows;
• do not create convective currents;
• fireproof;
• easy to install;
• completely safe for humans and the environment.

Another argument in favor of PLEN for a country house is many years of research by scientists. They proved that long-wave infrared radiation at moderate power has a beneficial effect on the human body.

The main disadvantage of an infrared heating system is its high cost. To install a heating system for the entire house, you will have to make serious financial investments, which will not pay off very soon.

Geothermal systems

An innovation in heating a private home is the extraction of heat from the ground, which is located in the local area. For this, a geothermal installation is used. Its design consists of heat pump, operating on the principle of a refrigerator, only for heating.

A shaft is created near the house where it is necessary to place a heat exchanger. Through it, groundwater will flow into the heat pump and release heat, which will be used to heat the building.
When heating a country house, antifreeze is used as a coolant. For this purpose, a special tank is installed in the mine.

It is very easy to use thermal energy, the source of which is sunlight. The latest country house heating systems powered by solar energy are a collector and a reservoir.

The structure of the tubes that make up the collector reduces heat loss to a minimum. Based on their design features, solar collectors can be vacuum, flat and air.

They must be placed as high as possible.

Nuances

This type of heating is suitable only for warm regions of the country where the bright sun shines at least 20-25 days a year. Otherwise, additional heating systems must be installed. Another disadvantage of solar panels is the high cost and short service life of the batteries needed to store electricity.

Hydrothermal systems

If your country house is located next to an ice-free body of water, then the necessary heat energy can be obtained from the water.

To do this, a heat exchanger probe is placed at the bottom of the reservoir, and a heat pump is installed in the house. The larger the probe size, the more efficient the hydrothermal installation.

Air systems

In warm climates, an air-to-air system can be used. The simplest types of such heat pumps are inverter air conditioners. They are installed like regular air conditioners. The efficiency of their work decreases at sub-zero temperatures, and at -30°C and below it is reduced to zero.

Wind energy has long been used to generate electricity. But it can also be used to heat suburban housing. Scientists have created a gearless wind power generator that is mounted on a vertical axis of rotation on the roof of a house. To reduce noise during operation of the structure, the axle must be equipped with a vibration isolator. An electric water heater and a heat accumulator are placed in the basement.

This device is quite difficult to manufacture, has a large size and weight. It is long and difficult to install. To obtain maximum wind energy, it is necessary to build a high enough tower.

Pros and cons

The undoubted advantage of this type of heating is its environmental friendliness. Extracting energy from wind does not cause any damage to the environment. In addition, this energy is absolutely free, and the costs of manufacturing and installing the equipment are relatively low.

Despite its undoubted advantages, this method of heating country houses is not popular, which is due to the variability of wind strength and speed.

Electrical space heating refers rather to traditional heating methods that have been modernized in recent decades. Electrical appliances are easy to use, convenient and reliable. They have long been used for local heating.

To evenly heat the entire area of ​​a room using electricity, heated floors are used. This system is convenient for use in a private country house.

Warm floor system

Underfloor heating technology is a convenient and economical system for heating a room. Modern installations use advanced materials. Light and durable polymer materials are used for the manufacture of pipelines.

The basis of a warm electric floor is a heating cable. The main thing in this type of heating is the quality of the cable, on which the efficiency of the system and its service life depend.
Warm floors using water do not emit harmful substances or electromagnetic radiation. Water is a cheap and heat-intensive coolant. A pipeline network through which the liquid flows is installed between the base and the floor covering. Compared to the electric "warm floor" system, this type of heating is much cheaper.

The energy supply policy pursued in recent years involves a transition to renewable energy sources. Increasingly, not gas and coal are used to produce electricity, but sun, wind, and water energy. These are environmentally friendly energy sources that do not pollute the environment with emissions and discharges.

- 202.50 Kb

Ministry of Education and Science

State Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education "Brotherly State University"

Faculty of Energy and Automation

Department of Industrial Thermal Power Engineering

Abstract on the discipline

"Heat and gas supply and ventilation"

Modern heating systems

Development prospects

Completed:

ST group TGV-08

N.A. Snegireva

Supervisor:

Professor, Ph.D., Department of PTE

S.A. Semenov

Bratsk 2010

Introduction

1. Types of central heating systems and principles of their operation

2. Comparison of modern heat supply systems of a thermal hydrodynamic pump type TC1 and a classic heat pump

3. Autonomous heat supply systems

4. Modern heating and hot water supply systems in Russia

4.2 Gas heating

4.3 Air heating

4.4 Electric heating

4.5 Pipelines

4.6 Boiler equipment

5. Prospects for the development of heat supply in Russia

Conclusion

Introduction

Living in temperate latitudes, where most of the year is cold, it is necessary to ensure heat supply to buildings: residential buildings, offices and other premises. Heat supply ensures comfortable living if it is an apartment or house, productive work if it is an office or warehouse.

First, let’s figure out what is meant by the term “Heat supply”. Heat supply is the supply of hot water or steam to the heating systems of a building. The usual sources of heat supply are thermal power plants and boiler houses. There are two types of heat supply to buildings: centralized and local. With centralized supply, individual areas (industrial or residential) are supplied. For the efficient operation of a centralized heating network, it is built by dividing it into levels, the work of each element is to perform one task. With each level, the element's task decreases. Local heat supply is the supply of heat to one or more houses. Centralized heating networks have a number of advantages: reduction of fuel consumption and cost reduction, use of low-grade fuel, improvement of the sanitary condition of residential areas. The centralized heat supply system includes a source of thermal energy (CHP), a heating network and heat-consuming units. CHP plants combine to produce heat and energy. Sources of local heat supply are stoves, boilers, water heaters.

Heat supply systems differ in different temperatures and water pressure. This depends on customer requirements and economic considerations. As the distance over which heat must be “transferred” increases, economic costs increase. Currently, heat transfer distances are measured in tens of kilometers. Heat supply systems are divided according to the volume of heat loads. Heating systems are classified as seasonal, and hot water supply systems are classified as permanent.

1. Types of central heating systems and principles of their operation

District heating consists of three interconnected and sequential stages: preparation, transportation and use of the coolant. In accordance with these stages, each system consists of three main links: a heat source (for example, a combined heat and power plant or boiler house), heat networks (heat pipelines) and heat consumers.

In decentralized heat supply systems, each consumer has its own heat source.

Coolants in central heating systems can be water, steam and air; the corresponding systems are called water, steam or air heating systems. Each of them has its own advantages and disadvantages. heat supply central heating

The advantages of a steam heating system are its significantly lower cost and metal consumption compared to other systems: when 1 kg of steam condenses, approximately 535 kcal are released, which is 15-20 times more than the amount of heat released when 1 kg of water cools in heating devices, and therefore steam pipelines have a significantly smaller diameter than pipelines for a water heating system. In steam heating systems, the surface area of ​​the heating devices is smaller. In rooms where people stay periodically (industrial and public buildings), a steam heating system will make it possible to produce heating intermittently and without the risk of freezing of the coolant with subsequent rupture of pipelines.

The disadvantages of the steam heating system are its low hygienic qualities: dust in the air burns on heating devices heated to 100°C or more; it is impossible to regulate the heat transfer of these devices and for most of the heating period the system must operate intermittently; the presence of the latter leads to significant fluctuations in air temperature in heated rooms. Therefore, steam heating systems are installed only in those buildings where people stay periodically - in bathhouses, laundries, shower pavilions, train stations and clubs.

Air heating systems consume little metal, and they can simultaneously ventilate the room while heating it. However, the cost of an air heating system for residential buildings is higher than other systems.

Water heating systems are more expensive and metal intensive compared to steam heating, but they have high sanitary and hygienic qualities, which ensure their widespread use. They are installed in all residential buildings more than two floors high, in public buildings and in most industrial buildings. Centralized regulation of the heat transfer of devices in this system is achieved by changing the temperature of the water entering them.

Water heating systems are distinguished by the method of moving water and design solutions.

Based on the method of moving water, systems with natural and mechanical (pumping) stimulation are distinguished. Water heating systems with natural impulse. The schematic diagram of such a system consists of a boiler (heat generator), a supply pipeline, heating devices, a return pipeline and an expansion vessel. The water heated in the boiler enters the heating devices, transfers part of its heat to them to compensate for heat losses through the external enclosures of the heated building, then returns to the boiler and then the water circulation is repeated. Its movement occurs under the influence of a natural impulse that arises in the system when heating water in the boiler.

The circulation pressure created during the operation of the system is spent on overcoming the resistance to the movement of water through the pipes (from friction of water against the walls of the pipes) and on local resistance (in bends, taps, valves, heating devices, boilers, tees, crosses, etc.) .

The higher the speed of water movement in the pipes, the greater the magnitude of these resistances (if the speed doubles, then the resistance quadruples, i.e., in a quadratic relationship). In systems with natural impulse in buildings of small number of floors, the magnitude of the effective pressure is small, and therefore high speeds of water movement in the pipes cannot be allowed in them; therefore, the pipe diameters must be large. The system may not be economically viable. Therefore, the use of natural circulation systems is allowed only for small buildings. The range of such systems should not exceed 30 m, and the value of k should be at least 3 m.

As the water in the system heats up, its volume increases. To accommodate this additional volume of water in heating systems, an expansion vessel 3 is provided; in systems with overhead wiring and natural impulse, it simultaneously serves to remove from them the air released from the water when it is heated in boilers.

Pump driven water heating systems. The heating system is always filled with water and the task of the pumps is to create the pressure necessary only to overcome the resistance to the movement of water. In such systems, natural and pumping drives operate simultaneously; total pressure for two-pipe systems with overhead distribution, kgf/m2 (Pa)

For economic reasons, it is usually taken in the amount of 5-10 kgf/m2 per 1 m (49-98 Pa/m).

The advantages of systems with pumping stimulation are reduced costs for pipelines (their diameter is smaller than in systems with natural stimulation) and the ability to supply heat to a number of buildings from one boiler room.

The devices of the described system, located on different floors of the building, operate under different conditions. The pressure p2, which ensures water circulation through the device on the second floor, is approximately twice as high as the pressure p1 for the device on the ground floor. At the same time, the total resistance of the pipeline ring passing through the boiler and the second floor appliance is approximately equal to the resistance of the ring passing through the boiler and the first floor appliance. Therefore, the first ring will operate with excess pressure, more water will enter the device on the second floor than is needed according to calculation, and the amount of water passing through the device on the first floor will correspondingly decrease.

As a result, overheating will occur in the room heated by this device on the second floor, and underheating in the room on the first floor. To eliminate this phenomenon, special methods for calculating heating systems are used, and they also use double adjustment taps installed on the hot supply to the devices. If you close these taps at the appliances on the second floor, you can completely extinguish the excess pressure and thereby regulate the water flow for all appliances located on the same riser. However, uneven distribution of water in the system is also possible in individual risers. This is explained by the fact that the length of the rings and, consequently, their total resistance in such a system is not the same for all risers: the ring passing through the riser (closest to the main riser) has the least resistance; The longest ring passing through the riser has the greatest resistance.

Water can be distributed over individual risers by appropriately adjusting the plug (pass-through) taps installed on each riser. To circulate water, two pumps are installed - one working, the second - spare. Near the pumps, a closed bypass line with a valve is usually made. In the event of a power outage and the pump stops, the valve opens and the heating system operates with natural circulation.

In a pump driven system, the expansion tank is connected to the system before the pumps and therefore accumulated air cannot be removed through it. To remove air in previously installed systems, the ends of the supply risers were continued with air pipes on which valves were installed (to shut off the riser for repairs). The air line at the point of connection to the air collector is made in the form of a loop that prevents the circulation of water through the air line. Currently, instead of such a solution, air valves are used, screwed into the upper plugs of radiators installed on top floor buildings.

Heating systems with bottom wiring are more convenient to use than systems with top wiring. So much heat is not lost through the supply line and water leaks from it can be detected and eliminated in a timely manner. The higher the heating device is placed in systems with lower wiring, the greater the pressure available in the ring. The longer the ring, the greater its total resistance; therefore, in a system with lower wiring, the excess pressures of devices on the upper floors are much less than in systems with upper wiring and, therefore, their adjustment is simpler. In systems with bottom wiring, the magnitude of the natural impulse is reduced due to the fact that, due to cooling in the supply risers, a braking movement from top to bottom occurs, therefore the total pressure acting in such systems is

Currently, single-pipe systems in which radiators are connected by both connections to one riser have become widespread; Such systems are easier to install and provide more uniform heating of all heating devices. The most common is a single-pipe system with bottom wiring and vertical risers.

The riser of such a system consists of a lifting and lowering part. Three-way valves can pass a calculated amount or part of the water into the devices; in the latter case, the remaining amount passes, bypassing the device, through the closing sections. The connection between the rising and falling parts of the riser is made by a connecting pipe laid under the windows of the upper floor. Air valves are installed in the upper plugs of devices located on the top floor, through which the mechanic removes air from the system during startup of the system or when it is abundantly refilled with water. In single-pipe systems, water flows through all fixtures in sequence, and therefore they must be carefully adjusted. If necessary, adjustment of the heat transfer of individual devices is carried out using three-way valves, and the water flow through individual risers is carried out using pass-through (plug) valves or by installing throttling washers in them. If an excessively large amount of water flows into the riser, then the first heating devices in the riser along the flow of water will give off more heat than is necessary according to the calculation.

Brief description

Living in temperate latitudes, where most of the year is cold, it is necessary to ensure heat supply to buildings: residential buildings, offices and other premises. Heat supply ensures comfortable living if it is an apartment or house, productive work if it is an office or warehouse.
First, let’s figure out what is meant by the term “Heat supply”. Heat supply is the supply of hot water or steam to the heating systems of a building. The usual sources of heat supply are thermal power plants and boiler houses. There are two types of heat supply to buildings: centralized and local.

Content

Introduction
1. Types of central heating systems and principles of their operation
2. Comparison of modern heat supply systems of a thermal hydrodynamic pump type TC1 and a classic heat pump
3. Autonomous heat supply systems
4. Modern heating and hot water supply systems in Russia
4.1 Water heating systems
4.2 Gas heating
4.3 Air heating
4.4 Electric heating
4.5 Pipelines
4.6 Boiler equipment
5. Prospects for the development of heat supply in Russia
Conclusion
List of used literature