Over time, the leading motives of human behavior become so characteristic of a person that they turn into traits of his personality:

Motive for achieving success

Motive to avoid failure

The motive of power

Altruism (motive for helping),

Aggressive motives

The motive of knowledge and others.

Dominant motives begin to enter the core of a person’s character. As a nuclear characteristic, they influence behavior in general and influence the formation of other mental properties.

For example, a person’s self-esteem and the characteristics of his picture of the world depend on the nature of the dominant motives. It has been experimentally proven that success-oriented people are more inclined to form a realistic, scientific picture of the world, and also have a more objective self-esteem. People motivated to avoid failures often have an unrealistic, fantastic picture of the world, and at the same time have high or low self-esteem.

In turn, the level of a person’s aspirations depends on a person’s self-esteem. If self-esteem is too high, then the level of aspirations (expectations from life) is usually too high. This happens because the individual overestimates, for example, his abilities, and therefore assumes that his actions will lead to high quality and quantity of results. In the case of low self-esteem, the opposite happens: a person underestimates his potential and hopes for less. Thus, dominant motives as a core characteristic through self-esteem can influence the level of a person’s aspirations.

Affiliation motive

There is such an important and - one might say - cross-cutting motive of behavior as the motive of affiliation (the desire to communicate). This motive manifests itself in three ways:

This is simply the need for periodic conversations (the need for chatter, even empty),

This includes establishing relationships, contacts (the need to feel connected with people around),

The motive of affiliation in humans is much more pronounced than in animals. Due to the development of a person’s mind, he can plan relationships, put himself in the place of another, etc.

Power motive

An interesting and important motive is the motive of power - a person’s stable and clearly expressed desire to have people subordinate to him, that is, those who can be forced to do something.

G. Murray: the power motive is the tendency to control the social environment, including people, to influence the behavior of other people in a variety of ways, including persuasion, coercion, suggestion, deterrence, prohibition, etc.

D. Veroff believed that power motivation refers to the desire and ability to gain satisfaction from control over other people. Signs that a person has a motive or power are expressed emotional experiences associated with maintaining or losing psychological or behavioral control over other people. Another sign of the power motive is satisfaction from winning over another person in some activity or grief over failure.

A number of scientists believe that a person with a pronounced power motive experiences an unwillingness to obey others. However, one can argue with this: life shows that people with pronounced motives for power easily organize themselves in a hierarchy among themselves (a typical example is the army). For a person with a pronounced motive for power, it is never enough; he is always ready to rise to the next level, but at the same time he can very willingly obey another leader, whose place he is applying for.

Some followers of S. Freud declared the motive of power to be one of the main motives of human social behavior. A. Adler believed that the desire for superiority, perfection and social power compensates for the natural shortcomings of people experiencing the so-called inferiority complex.

E. Fromm, as a representative of neo-Freudianism, formulated that psychologically the power of one person over other people is reinforced in several ways:

The opportunity to reward people

The ability to punish people

The ability to force them to perform certain actions,

The ability to set your own rules of behavior.

The motive of power also has a biological meaning, that is, it can be based on an innate pack leader instinct. Having a leader in a pack is a strong competitive advantage and therefore has biological significance. A pack as a fighting unit under the leadership of a leader was more likely to survive than a pack without a leader or with a weak leader. The leader organizes, plans, distributes roles.

Prosocial motives

Prosocial behavior is altruistic actions aimed at the well-being of other people and helping them. This behavior is varied in its characteristics and ranges over a wide range from simple courtesy to serious charity.

Sometimes prosocial behavior causes great damage to the person himself, sometimes it ends in self-sacrifice.

With altruistic behavior, caring for others is carried out according to a person’s own conviction, without any calculation or pressure from the outside. In meaning, this behavior is the opposite of aggression.

Aggressive motives

Aggression is a complex and multifaceted phenomenon. Motivated and unmotivated aggression are often distinguished. The difference between these types of aggression is in the degree of obviousness of motives.

A person has two different motivational tendencies associated with aggressive behavior:

Tendency towards aggression

The tendency is to slow down.

The tendency towards aggression is the tendency of an individual to evaluate many situations and the actions of people as threatening him and the desire to respond to them with his own aggressive actions. Suppression of aggression is an individual predisposition to evaluate one’s own aggressive actions as unwanted and unpleasant, causing regret and remorse.

Literature

Maklakov A. G. General psychology. St. Petersburg: Peter, 2001. The system of human relations to being, the characteristic features of the relationship to certain aspects of being. Most often used as features of relationships with other people. Although character can manifest itself, for example, in relation to oneself, work, homeland, animals, books, social processes. Character is a psychological formation that contains a person’s emotional relationships to typical characteristics that have been established in the process of life. life situations and stereotypes of cognitive and behavioral patterns of response to these situations.

Motives serve as an incentive to activity and are associated with satisfying the needs of the subject. A motive is also called a set of external and internal conditions that cause the activity of the subject and determine its direction.

Motives are what the activity is done for. In a broad sense, motive is understood as any internal motivation of a person to activity, behavior; motive acts as a form of manifestation of needs.

The motives that prompt a person to act in a certain way can be conscious and unconscious.

1. Conscious motives are motives that encourage a person to act and behave in accordance with his views, knowledge, and principles. Examples of such motives are large life goals that guide activity over long periods of life. If a person not only understands, in principle, how to behave (belief), but also knows specific ways of behavior determined by the goals of such behavior, then the motives of his behavior are conscious.

A motive is a conscious need, enriched with ideas about ways to satisfy it and the goals of behavior that can satisfy it.

2. Unconscious motives. A.N. Leontyev, L.I. Bozhovich, V.G. Aseev et al. believe that motives are both conscious and unconscious motivations. According to Leontyev, even when motives are not consciously realized by the subject, i.e. when he is not aware of what prompts him to carry out this or that activity, they appear in their indirect expression - in the form of experience, desire, desire. Leontyev identifies mainly two functions of motives: motivation and meaning formation. Sense-forming motives give personal meaning to activities, other motives accompanying them play the role of motivating factors (positive or negative) - sometimes acutely emotional, affective, devoid of a meaning-forming function. These are incentive motives. At the same time, the distinction between both types of motives is relative.

People's activities are stimulated not by one, but by several motives. The more motives determine the activity, the higher general level motivation. Much depends on the driving force of each motive. Sometimes the power of one motive prevails over the influence of several motives. In most cases, however, the more motives are actualized, the stronger the motivation. If you manage to use additional motives, the overall level of motivation increases. Let's consider the main types of motives.

The diversity of human needs also determines the diversity of motives for behavior and activity, however, some motives are quite often updated and have a significant impact on human behavior, while others act only in certain circumstances. Let's consider the main types of motives.

The motive of self-affirmation is the desire to establish oneself in society; associated with self-esteem, ambition, self-love. A person tries to prove to others that he is worth something, strives to obtain a certain status in society, wants to be respected and appreciated. Sometimes the desire for self-affirmation is referred to as prestige motivation (the desire to obtain or maintain a high social status).

Thus, the desire for self-affirmation, for increasing one’s formal and informal status, for a positive assessment of one’s personality is a significant motivational factor that encourages a person to work intensively and develop.

The motive for identification with another person is the desire to be like a hero, an idol, an authoritative figure (father, teacher, etc.). This motive encourages you to work and develop. It is especially relevant for teenagers who try to copy the behavior of other people.

The desire to be like an idol is an essential motive of behavior, under the influence of which a person develops and improves.

Identification with another person leads to an increase in the individual’s energy potential due to the symbolic “borrowing” of energy from the idol (object of identification): strength, inspiration, and the desire to work and act as the hero (idol, father, etc.) did. By identifying with the hero, the teenager becomes bolder.

Having a model, an idol with whom young people would strive to identify themselves and whom they would try to copy, from whom they would learn to live and work, is an important condition for an effective socialization process.

The motive of power is the individual’s desire to influence people. Power motivation (the need for power) is one of the most important driving forces of human action. This is the desire to take a leadership position in a group (team), an attempt to lead people, determine and regulate their activities.

The motive of power occupies an important place in the hierarchy of motives. The actions of many people (for example, managers of various ranks) are motivated by the motive of power. The desire to dominate and lead other people is a motive that encourages them to overcome significant difficulties and make enormous efforts in the process of activity. A person works hard not for the sake of self-development or satisfaction of his cognitive needs, but in order to gain influence on individuals or a team.

A manager may be motivated to act not by the desire to benefit society as a whole or an individual team, not by a sense of responsibility, i.e. not by social motives, but by the motive of power. In this case, all his actions are aimed at gaining or maintaining power and constitute a threat to both the cause and the structure that he heads.

Procedural-substantive motives are an incentive to activity by the process and content of the activity, and not by external factors. A person likes to perform this activity, to demonstrate his intellectual or physical activity. He is interested in the content of what he is doing. The action of other social and personal motives (power, self-affirmation, etc.) can enhance motivation, but they are not directly related to the content and process of activity, but are only external to it, therefore these motives are often called external, or extrinsic. In the case of the action of procedural-substantive motives, a person likes and encourages the process and content of a certain activity to be active.

Extrinsic (external) motives are a group of motives when the motivating factors lie outside the activity. In the case of extrinsic motives, activity is encouraged not by the content or process of the activity, but by factors that are not directly related to it (for example, prestige or material factors).

Let's consider some types of extreme motives:

The motive of duty and responsibility to society, group, individuals;

Motives for self-determination and self-improvement;

The desire to gain the approval of other people;

The desire to obtain a high social status (prestigious motivation). In the absence of interest in the activity (procedural-content motivation), there is a desire for those external attributes that the activity can bring - excellent grades, obtaining a diploma, fame in the future;

Motives to avoid troubles and punishment (negative motivation) are motivations caused by the awareness of some troubles and inconveniences that may arise if an activity is not performed.

If, in the process of activity, extrinsic motives are not supported by procedural-substantive ones, i.e., interest in the content and process of the activity, then they will not provide the maximum effect. In the case of extreme motives, it is not the activity itself that is attractive, but only what is associated with it (for example, prestige, fame, material well-being), and this is often not enough to motivate activity.

The motive of self-development is the desire for self-development, self-improvement. This is an important motive that encourages an individual to work hard and develop. According to A. Maslow, this is the desire to fully realize one’s abilities and the desire to feel one’s competence.

Motivation of behavior_________________________________2

Personality formation______________________________7

Motivation and personality_______________________12

Conclusion

References

Motivation of behavior

A person is always affected by many different forces that prompt him to do or not do something. Sometimes these are external forces, for example, the demands of others. Along with this, there are also internal forces that encourage a person to behave in a certain way. In psychology, this is called motives, and their system is called motivation. The word "motivation" is used in modern psychology in a double sense: as denoting a system of factors that determine behavior (this includes, in particular , needs, motives, goals, intentions, aspirations etc.), and as a characteristic of the process that stimulates and maintains behavioral activity at a certain level. Motivation, therefore, can be defined as a set of reasons of a psychological nature that explain human behavior, its beginning, direction and activity.

The following aspects of behavior require a motivational explanation: its occurrence, duration and stability, direction and cessation after achieving a set goal, pre-setting for future events, increased efficiency, rationality or semantic integrity of a single behavioral act.

The concept of motivation arises when attempting to explain rather than describe behavior. This is a search for answers to questions like “why?”,”why?”,”for what purpose?”,”for what?”,”what is the point?”. Discovering and describing the causes of sustainable changes in behavior is the answer to the question of motivation actions containing him. One of the universal types of motivation is aimed at achieving success: an activity is performed with the goal of achieving something positive, receiving a reward. For example:

· I’m preparing for the exam to pass it with *excellence*.

· I am training to win the competition, to get *gold*.

· I take care of the frying pan so that dinner turns out tasty and romantic.

If, when starting any business, we focus on achieving success, then a mechanism will be activated that will work in our favor. We self-program and receive positive emotions that activate us and allow us to find the strength to work more productively. And at the same time, the chances increase that the success we desire will actually come true.

In addition to motives, needs and goals, interests, tasks, desires and intentions are also considered as drivers of human behavior. Interest I call T a special motivational state of a cognitive nature, which, as a rule, is not directly related to any one need that is relevant at a given time. Interest in oneself can be aroused by any unexpected event that involuntarily attracted attention, any new object that appears in the field of vision, any particular, randomly occurring auditory or other stimulus.

Task as a private situational-motivational factor arises when, in the course of performing an action aimed at achieving a certain goal, the body encounters an obstacle that must be overcome in order to move on. The same task can arise in the process of performing a variety of actions and is therefore just as non-specific to needs as interest.

Desires and intentions- these are momentarily arising and quite often replacing each other motivational subjective states that meet the changing conditions of the action.

Interests, tasks, desires and intentions, although they are part of the system of motivational factors, participate in the motivation of behavior, however, they play not so much an incentive role as an instrumental one. They are more responsible for the style rather than the direction of behavior.

Sometimes all the psychological factors that, as it were, from within a person determine his behavior, are called personal dispositions. Then, accordingly, we talk about dispositional and situational motivations as analogues of internal and external determination of behavior.

The behavior of an individual in situations that seem to be the same appears to be quite diverse, and this diversity is difficult to explain by appealing only to the situation.

A person's momentary, actual behavior should not be considered as a reaction to certain internal or external stimuli, but as the result of the continuous interaction of his disposition with the situation. This involves viewing motivation as a cyclical process of continuous interaction and transformation in which the actor and the situation mutually influence each other, and the result of this is actually observable behavior. Motivation in in this case is thought of as a process of continuous choice and decision-making based on weighing behavioral alternatives. Motivation explains the purposefulness of action, organization and sustainability of holistic activities aimed at achieving a specific goal.

A motive is something that belongs to the subject of behavior himself, is his stable personal property, which internally encourages him to perform certain actions. A motive can also be defined as a concept that, in a generalized form, represents a set of dispositions.

Of all possible dispositions, the most important is the concept of need. It is called the state of need of a person or animal in certain conditions, which they lack for normal existence and development. Need as a state of personality is always associated with a person’s feeling of dissatisfaction associated with a deficiency of what the body (person) requires, activating and stimulating it. A person has the most diverse needs, who, in addition to physical and organic needs, also have material, spiritual and social ones (they represent specific needs associated with communication and interaction of people with each other).

The main characteristics of human needs are strength, frequency of occurrence and method of satisfaction. An additional, but very significant characteristic, especially when it comes to the individual, is the substantive content of the need, that is, the totality of those objects of material spiritual culture with the help of which a given need can be satisfied. Satisfying the need for self-esteem evokes feelings of self-confidence, worth, strength, ability and adequacy, a sense of usefulness and necessity in the world. Obstacles to the satisfaction of these needs lead to feelings of inferiority, weakness and helplessness. These feelings, in turn, give rise to depression (frustration) or other compensatory or neurotic tendencies. The state of frustration and depression that occurs in cases where a person, on the way to achieving a goal, encounters obstacles, barriers that are actually indefinable or perceived as such, is called frustration. Frustration can lead to various changes in an individual's behavior and self-awareness.

The second concept after need in its motivational significance is goal. The goal is the directly conscious result towards which the action associated with the activity that satisfies the actualized need is currently directed. Psychologically, a goal is that motivational and motivating content of consciousness that is perceived by a person as the immediate and immediate expected result of his activity.

The motivational sphere of a person from the point of view of its development can be assessed according to the following parameters: breadth, flexibility and hierarchization. Breadth is the diversity of the potential range of objects that can serve for a given person as a means of satisfying an actual need. The breadth of the motivational sphere is understood as the qualitative diversity of motivational factors - disposition (motives), needs and goals presented at each level. The more diverse motives, needs and goals a person has, the more developed his motivational sphere is.

Flexibility is the mobility of connections that exist between different levels of hierarchical organization of the motivational sphere: between motives and needs, motives and goals, needs and goals. For example, the motivational sphere of a person is more flexible; depending on the circumstances of satisfying the same motive, he can use more diverse means than another person. Let's say, for one individual the need for knowledge can only be satisfied by television, radio and cinema, while for another the means of satisfying it are also a variety of books and communication with people. The latter's motivational sphere will, by definition, be more flexible.

Hierarchization is a characteristic of the structure of each level of organization of the motivational sphere, taken separately. Needs, motives and goals do not exist as adjacent sets of motivational dispositions. Some dispositions (motives, goals) are stronger than others and arise more often; others are weaker and updated less frequently. The greater the differences in the strength and frequency of actualization of motivational formations at a certain level, the higher the hierarchization of the motivational sphere.

The motivation of human behavior can be conscious and unconscious. This means that some needs and goals that govern a person’s behavior are recognized by him, while others are not. Many psychological problems receive their solution as soon as we abandon the idea that people are always aware of the motives of their actions, actions, thoughts and feelings. In reality, their true motives are not necessarily what they seem.

Personality formation

Personality is a person taken in the system of his psychological characteristics that are socially conditioned, manifest themselves in social connections and relationships by nature, are stable, determine the moral actions of a person that are of significant importance for himself and those around him. We include abilities and temperament in the structure of personality , character, volitional qualities, emotions, motivation, social attitudes. Abilities are understood as individually stable properties of a person that determine his success in various activities. Temperament includes qualities that influence a person's reactions to other people and social circumstances. Character contains qualities that determine a person’s actions towards other people. Volitional qualities cover several special personal properties that influence the desire to achieve goals. Emotions and motivation are, respectively, experiences and motivations for activity. Social attitudes - beliefs and attitudes of people.

Emerging needs force a person to actively look for ways to satisfy them and become internal stimulants of activity, or motives. Motive (from Lat. movero - to set in motion, to push) is what moves a living being, for the sake of which it spends its vital energy. Being an indispensable “fuse” of any actions and their “combustible material”, the motive has always appeared at the level of worldly wisdom in various ideas about feelings (pleasure or displeasure, etc.) - motivations, drives, aspirations, desires, passions, willpower, etc. further. Motives can be different: interest in the content and process of activity, duty to society, self-affirmation, etc. Thus, a scientist can be motivated to scientific activity by the following motives: self-realization, cognitive interest, self-affirmation, material incentives (monetary reward), social motives (responsibility, desire to benefit society). If a person strives to perform a certain activity, we can say that he has motivation. For example, if a student is diligent in his studies, he is motivated to study; an athlete who strives to achieve high results has a high level of achievement motivation; the desire of the leader to subordinate everyone indicates the presence high level motivation for power.

Motives are relatively stable manifestations and attributes of personality. For example, arguing that to a certain person inherent cognitive motive, we mean that in many situations he exhibits cognitive motivation.

The motive cannot be explained on its own. It can be understood in the system of those factors - images, relationships, personal actions that make up the general structure of mental life. Its role is to give behavior impetus and direction towards a goal.

Inducing factors can be divided into two relatively independent classes:

· needs and instincts as sources of activity;

· motives as reasons that determine the direction of behavior or activity.

Need is necessary condition any activity, but the need itself is not yet capable of giving the activity a clear direction. For example, the presence of an aesthetic need in a person creates corresponding selectivity, but this does not yet indicate what exactly the person will do to satisfy this need. Perhaps he will listen to music, or perhaps he will try to compose a poem or paint a picture.

What is the difference between need and motive? When analyzing the question of why an individual generally comes into a state of activity, manifestations of needs are considered as sources of activity. If we study the question of what the activity is aimed at, why these particular actions and actions are chosen, then first of all the manifestations of motives (as motivating factors that determine the direction of activity or behavior) are studied. Thus, need encourages activity, and motive motivates directed activity. We can say that a motive is an incentive to activity associated with satisfying the needs of the subject. Exploring motives educational activities among schoolchildren revealed a system of various motives. Some motives are basic, leading, others are secondary, side, they do not have independent meaning and are always subordinate to the leading ones. For one student, the leading motive for learning may be the desire to gain authority in the class, for another it may be the desire to obtain a higher education, for a third it may be an interest in knowledge itself.

How do new needs arise and develop? As a rule, each need is objectified (and specified) in one or several objects that are capable of satisfying this need, for example, an aesthetic need can be defined in music, and in the process of its development can be defined in poetry, i.e. more items can already satisfy her. Consequently, the need develops in the direction of increasing the number of objects that can satisfy it; the change and development of needs occurs through the change and development of objects that meet them and in which they are objectified and concretized.

To motivate a person means to touch on his important interests, to create conditions for him to realize himself in the process of life. To do this, a person must at least: be familiar with success (success is the realization of a goal); to have the opportunity to see yourself in the results of your work, to realize yourself in your work, to feel your importance.

But the meaning of human activity is not only to obtain results. The activity itself can be attractive. A person may enjoy the process of performing an activity, for example, being physically and intellectually active. Like physical activity, mental activity in itself brings pleasure to a person and is a specific need. When a subject is motivated by the process of activity itself, and not by its result, this indicates the presence of a procedural component of motivation. In the learning process, the procedural component plays a very important role.

The desire to overcome difficulties in educational activities, to test one’s strengths and abilities can become a personally significant motive for studying. At the same time, an effective motivational attitude plays an organizing role in the determination of activity, especially if its procedural component (i.e., the process of activity) causes negative emotions. In this case, goals and intentions that mobilize a person’s energy come to the fore. Setting goals and intermediate tasks is a significant motivational factor that is worth using. To understand the essence of the motivational sphere (its composition, structure, which has a multidimensional and multi-level nature, dynamics), it is necessary first of all to consider the connections and relationships of a person with other people, taking into account that this sphere is also formed under the influence of the life of society - its norms, rules, ideology , politicians and others. One of the most important factors determining the motivational sphere of an individual is a person’s belonging to any group. For example, teenagers who are interested in sports differ from their peers who are interested in music. Since any person belongs to a number of groups and in the process of his development the number of such groups grows, his motivational sphere naturally changes. Therefore, the emergence of motives should be considered not as a process arising from the internal sphere of the individual, but as a phenomenon associated with the development of his relationships with other people. In other words, changes in motives are determined not by the laws of spontaneous development of the individual, but by the development of his relationships and connections with people, with society as a whole.

Personal motives

Personal motives are the need (or system of needs) of the individual for the function of motivation. Internal mental motivations for activity and behavior are determined by the actualization of certain needs of the individual. The motives for activities can be very different:

· organic - aimed at satisfying the natural needs of the body and are associated with the growth, self-preservation and development of the body;

· functional - satisfied through various cultural forms of activity, for example, playing sports;

· material - encourage a person to engage in activities aimed at creating household items, various things and tools;

· social - generate various types activities aimed at taking a certain place in society, gaining recognition and respect;

· spiritual - they underlie those activities that are associated with human self-improvement.

Organic and functional motives together constitute the motivation for the behavior and activity of an individual in certain circumstances and can not only influence, but change each other.

Human needs manifest themselves in specific forms. People may perceive their needs differently. Depending on this, motives are divided into emotional ones - desires, desires, attractions, etc. and rational - aspirations, interests, ideals, beliefs.

There are two groups of interconnected motives of life, behavior and activity of an individual:

· generalized, the content of which expresses the subject of needs and, accordingly, the direction of the individual’s aspirations. The strength of this motive is determined by the significance for a person of the object of his needs;

· instrumental - motives for choosing ways, means, methods of achieving or realizing a goal, conditioned not only by the need state of the individual, but also by his preparedness, the availability of opportunities to successfully act to realize his goals in given conditions.

There are other approaches to classifying motives. For example, according to the degree of social significance, motives of a broad social plan (ideological, ethnic, professional, religious, etc.), group plan and individual-personal nature are distinguished. There are also motives for achieving a goal, avoiding failures, motives for approval, and affiliation (cooperation, partnership, love). Motives not only encourage a person to act, but also give his actions and actions a personal, subjective meaning. In practice, it is important to take into account that people, performing actions that are identical in form and objective results, are often guided by different, sometimes opposing motives, and attach different personal meaning to their behavior and actions. In accordance with this, the assessment of actions should be different: both moral and legal.

Types of personality motives

Consciously justified motives include values, beliefs, and intentions.

Value

Value is a concept used in philosophy to indicate the personal, socio-cultural significance of certain objects and phenomena. A person’s values ​​form a system of his value orientations, elements of the personality’s internal structure that are especially significant for him. These value orientations form the basis of the consciousness and activity of the individual. Value is a personally colored attitude to the world, arising on the basis of not only knowledge and information, but also one’s own life experience. Values ​​give meaning human life. Faith, will, doubt, and ideal have eternal significance in the world of human value orientations. Values ​​are part of culture received from parents, family, religion, organizations, school and environment. Cultural values ​​are widely held beliefs that define what is desirable and what is true. Values ​​can be:

· self-oriented, which concern the individual, reflect his goals and general approach to life;

· oriented others who reflect the desires of society regarding the relationship between the individual and groups;

· oriented environment, which embody society’s ideas about the desired relationship of an individual with his economic and natural environment.

Beliefs

Beliefs are the motives of practical and theoretical activity, justified theoretical knowledge and the whole worldview of man. For example, a person becomes a teacher not only because he is interested in passing on knowledge to children, not only because he loves working with children, but also because he knows well how much in creating a society depends on cultivating consciousness. This means that he chose his profession not only out of interest and inclination towards it, but also according to his convictions. Deeply held beliefs persist throughout a person's life. Beliefs are the most generalized motives. However, if generalization and stability are characteristic features of personality properties, then beliefs can no longer be called motives in the accepted sense of the word. The more generalized a motive becomes, the closer it is to a personality trait.

Intention

Intention is a consciously made decision to achieve a specific goal with a clear understanding of the means and methods of action. This is where motivation and planning come together. Intention organizes human behavior.

The types of motives considered cover only the main manifestations of the motivational sphere. In reality, there are as many different motives as there are possible person-environment relationships.

When a person experiences a surge of strength, a readiness to act, to do whatever it takes to achieve his goal, this is called a motive for behavior. Each person has his own system of motives, which he forms himself, under the influence of his social environment, as well as upbringing. In the process of realizing one’s motives, activities are performed that are aimed at realizing these motives.

Absolutely any action of a reader of a psychological help site is determined by it. It’s one thing when a person understands his motives, so he can change them if he considers them objectionable, or control his behavior if it is better to postpone the implementation of motives. It’s another matter when a person not only does not control his motives, but also does not notice how he performs the actions to which they prompt him. Then he usually acts first, and then laments the wrongness of his behavior.

Absolutely any action has a motive. A person may simply not be aware of it or not recognize it in himself, since not all motives are socially acceptable, but desired by the person himself. Often a person resorts to such a method as motivation - when he justifies his own behavior, which he committed unconsciously.

What is important - the action or the motive for the action? Modern man pays more and more attention to what happens to him in the external world, completely forgetting that there is also an internal one. And some experts in reading gestures and facial expressions say that the same posture can carry different meaning, since a person can cross his arms over his chest not only because he is closing himself off from his interlocutor, but also simply because he is cold. One and the same act can carry different meanings, although outwardly it is interpreted unambiguously.

Responsibility means being responsible for one’s own decisions, actions and results that a person has achieved. This does not mean that he is responsible for the decisions and actions of other people. This is responsibility only for yourself and your life.

A valuable gift you can give to other people is to give them the right to take responsibility for their own actions. Even parents are not responsible for the actions of their children. While the parent is trying to impose his opinion on the child and is responsible for any consequences, the child resists, does everything contrary and ends up in dangerous situations, plays with bad habits, etc. But as soon as the parent gives his own child the right to decide for himself and be responsible for consequences, the child learns quickly, grows up and treats his parents with gratitude and respect.

Children are responsible for themselves, just as all people are responsible for what they do and what results they get. Let those around you be responsible for everything that happens to them.

In God's court, a person is judged by the motives for which he did something - out of love or out of love. The main thing is not actions, but the motives with which a person did something. Therefore, it is not what you do that matters, but how you do it, with what goals and motives.

What are personal motives?

It is difficult to say exactly what a motive is, since a person is driven by many forces. The motive could be:

1. Goal or desire - what does a person want to achieve?
2. Beliefs and attitudes are ready-made stereotypes that make a person ready for a certain action or behavior.
3. Fears and complexes are when a person tries to run away from something and spares no effort.
4. Interests and attractions – when a person shows interest in something and wants to try it.
5. Ideas - when a person does not yet know what this will lead to, but he sees in this some sense of satisfying his desires.
6. Needs are internal or instinctive desires that will bother a person until they are satisfied.

The motive of a person is a certain internal force, which he feels as a surge of energy that encourages him to take a certain action and achieve a specific result. A person does not feel tired or lazy. He's ready to act.

Motives can be controlled. Of course, some motives are basic and fundamental, aimed at preserving human life, so even they cannot be completely eliminated. They can only be delayed. However, there are social motives - developed in the process of life. If you realize them, you can easily change or adjust them.

Why don't your desires always give you the energy you need to achieve them? The answer here is quite simple: external motives, which are formed by a person consciously and even under the influence of society, are much weaker than the internal motives that are given to a person at the physiological level or in the process of life, and have gone into the subconscious. If a person, trying to achieve a goal, contradicts his internal motives with his external motives, then he will stop achieving his desire, since internal motives will stop him and act stronger than external ones.

Motives of personality behavior

At all times, people have tried to answer the question “Why does a person act in one way or another?” Even a modern person always tries to understand the motives of another individual when his behavior is disturbing and does not agree with personal interests and desires.

Motives underlie any individual behavior. They often occur in combination. Among them there are leading and secondary motives. Leading motives will tell how a person should act, and secondary motives will make adjustments to behavior, modifying it slightly.

To understand the actions of another person and even influence them, you need to understand what motivates the individual and change his motives, making them leading. This is exactly what psychology does.

Motives of individual activity

Personal activity is always dictated by motives. Every action has a motive. A person does not act just like that. First you need to understand what goal a person sees in front of him, since all his actions will be aimed precisely at achieving it in order to satisfy himself.

• Motives can be functional - aimed at cultural development. Here a person will relax, develop, and improve in a certain way.
• Biological motives indicate what needs a person has at the body level: hunger, thirst, sex, etc.
• Material needs are what a person wants to surround himself with in order to feel complete and successful.
• The need for respect, recognition, love also arises in all people.
• Spiritual motives are the desire for self-knowledge, self-improvement and development of one’s inner qualities.

Motivation encourages a person to perform certain actions in order to achieve specific goals. It is the motive that drives a person who wants to receive and become the owner of a certain category of values. And knowing what is necessary and valuable for each individual person, you can encourage him to perform certain actions or realize a certain goal.

It is very good to consider motivation using working examples, since this is where this area of ​​psychology is openly and deeply studied. Why does a person work? To receive material assets. It is thanks to money that its owner can fulfill all his needs. And these are physiological needs (food, clothing, home) and safety (physical health, security), the need for love and social recognition, as well as the need for self-realization. By satisfying all his needs, from the most necessary to self-realization, a person can be encouraged to take specific actions related to each of them.

So, what can you do to motivate your employee? Of course, salary increases, promotions, percentages depending on the work performed or results achieved. It is always very important for an employee that his work is not only noticed, but also well appreciated. And only such an employee is ready to work for the benefit of your company, so that you once again highlight his merits.

IN personal life A person's motives can be love, recognition and sex. Of course, you should not explicitly play with these needs, as happens in the work sphere, but unspoken incentives are permissible. For example, in order to make love to you, your man must give you a massage. Thus, he will please you, relax you and prepare you for physical contact.

Managing a person’s motivation is quite easy, if only you know well the psychology of people, are aware of the goals of a particular person and are ready to build certain schemes for inducing an individual to act.

Needs and motives of the individual

A need is a certain need within a person that causes tension that pushes the individual to eliminate it, which is possible only by taking certain actions aimed at satisfying it. Needs, like the motives of an individual, can be:

• Organic, functional, material, social, spiritual.
• Individual and group.
• Psychological and intellectual.
• Daily and annual.

In one situation, a person may be driven by several needs at once. Depending on the importance of needs, a person first satisfies the most important ones, and then the secondary ones. Sometimes a person gives up some needs in order to satisfy others.

A. Maslow showed the hierarchy of needs in his pyramid:

1. He put physiological needs first.
2. Then there are the needs for protection.
3. In third place are social needs - a person wants to have a relationship with someone and receive certain feelings towards himself.
4. Then there are aesthetic needs.
5. In last place are spiritual needs. A person comes to them only when all previous levels are satisfied as the person needs.

A person lives in a circle of other people, so social motives are one of the main ones. A person not only wants to contact other people, but also strives to receive certain feelings and attitudes from them - respect, love, recognition.

However, social needs are not easy to satisfy, since conflicts, quarrels, and problems often arise in interpersonal relationships. The desired relationships and feelings are not always obtained, so the person periodically returns to the need to achieve them.

Special attention should be paid to a person's need to have power over other people.

The system of personal motives in the end

Each person is driven by several needs simultaneously, which creates a system of personal motives. In each situation, several motives can be traced at once, some of which are suppressed or excluded in order to satisfy others.

To understand a person, you need to see his system of motives, where there are main and secondary needs.