PROGESTERONE and how to convert ng/ml to NMOL/ml?

I can’t find anywhere how much 39.4 ng/ml is in nmol. WHO KNOWS, TELL ME, PLEASE.

The value in ng/ml is multiplied by 3.18 and you get nmol.

HERE'S WHAT I FOUND on BabyPlan:
PROGESTERONE -Units of measurement: nmol/l.

Alternative units: ng/ml.
Conversion of units: ng/ml x 3.03 ==> nmol/l.

popular:
molecular weight of progesterone is 314.47 g/mol.
39.4 ng/ml=39400ng/l=39.4*10(1-6)g/l.
moving from grams to moles of a substance -
39.4*10(-6)g/l / 314.47g/mol=0.125*10(-6)mol/l=12.5*10(-4)mol/l=1250000nmol/l=1250nmol/ml
Please!

Recalculation methods are given on the Invitro website in the “interpretation of results” tab for the analysis, for example:
http://www.invitro.r. ctors/508/2334/

After the transfer - regime, well-being, discharge, etc.
LoveSanna, very, very sorry (I hug you, it’s good that the little ones are waiting, this is a great motivation for you.

Ovarian wasting syndrome. IVF for SIA
mirabella79, How many tablets per day? 2 pieces each?

Ovulation stimulation
Here you go. I decided to die today bt, 36.2. This means there was no O, and the injection was on Sunday morning.

Expected or not?
Please look. Who has more experience than me? Is ovulation approaching or not? It seems to me that.

8-9 dpo
I see stripes on the tests. I repeated 8-9 dpo at 10 dpo in the morning, I was just sure that it would brighten.

Tests
Jet test with a sensitivity of 10, presumably 16 DPO, yesterday on tests with a sensitivity of 10 barely ra.

"I want to warn you"
Many articles have been written for expectant mothers printed publications and the Internet, thousands of specialists have been created.

Gynecological smears for flora and degree of purity
A visit to the gynecologist is not complete without taking smears from the vagina and urethra to determine the degree of cleanliness and phlegm.

Hormone strategy
Not all women know that hormones, which are in the body and are associated with the monthly cycle, govern.

Source: www.babyplan.ru

PROGESTERONE, a natural steroid hormone of the corpus luteum, placenta and adrenal cortex. During puberty, with normal ovarian function, progesterone enters the woman’s body in the second phase of the menstrual cycle (ovarian cycle), when the corpus luteum is formed after ovulation.

As the functional activity of the corpus luteum increases, its production of progesterone increases, and by the end of the menstrual cycle, due to the reverse development of the corpus luteum, it decreases. This contributes to the periodic shedding of the lining of the uterus (endometrium).

The onset of pregnancy, accompanied by the preservation of the functional activity of the corpus luteum, is characterized by a gradually increasing production of progesterone. Starting from the 4th month of pregnancy, the placenta becomes the place of progesterone formation, from which it enters the pregnant woman’s body in increasing concentrations and only shortly before birth its intake decreases. Progesterone transfers the mucous membrane in the uterine cavity from a state of proliferation to a state of secretion, promotes its rejection or transfer to a pre-pregnancy state, stimulates the release of luteinizing hormone in small doses and inhibition in large doses.

The main physiological action of progesterone is in female body appears only at puberty.

Progesterone ensures the maintenance of pregnancy(disturbs the transition of excitation from one muscle fiber to another and inhibits the contractile activity of the uterus), necessary conditions for the development of the fertilized egg, stimulates the development of the end elements of the mammary glands.

It is used in the treatment of habitual and spontaneous miscarriage (see Abortion) (if their cause is insufficiency of the corpus luteum function), with small but long-term dysfunctional uterine bleeding, to suppress lactation in Chiari-Frommel syndrome, reduce proliferative processes and eliminate them in the mucous and muscular layers of the uterus, for the treatment of endometriosis, amenorrhea, algodismenorrhea, premenstrual syndrome, uterine fibroids, etc.

Progesterone: symptoms

When the body produces insufficient or excessive amounts of this hormone, symptoms may include the following:

• breast tenderness;
• sudden mood swings;
• bloating;
• menstrual irregularities;

Progesterone: When should I get tested?

Any test must be taken at the “correct” time. This also applies to this hormone. Since its concentration increases in the second half of the menstrual cycle, the appropriate time for analysis is the period after ovulation.

If you want to find out what concentration of progesterone is in your blood and when to take it, an ovulation test will tell you. Usually the test is taken on the 22-23rd day after the start of menstruation - with a 28-day cycle. If the cycle is longer (for example, 35 days), then it is taken on the 28th-29th day.

In any case, consult your doctor: he will prescribe progesterone test and will tell you which day of the cycle is best to take it.

With a regular cycle, the level of this hormone is analyzed seven days before the start of menstruation. When the cycle is irregular, measurements are taken several times. If a woman keeps a basal temperature chart, then blood is donated on the 6th or 7th day after its increase.

Blood test for progesterone, like other hormones, must be tested no earlier than 6-8 hours after the last meal. It is best to do this in the morning on an empty stomach.

Progesterone: normal in women

The units in which laboratories measure hormone levels are ng/ml or nmol/l. Their full name is nanograms per milliliter or nanomoles per liter. To convert ng/ml to nmol/l, you need to multiply the value in ng/ml by 3.18.

If the body of childbearing age produces this hormone in sufficient quantities, the norm in women ranges from:

• follicular phase - 0.32-2.23 nmol/l;
• ovulatory phase - 0.48-9.41 nmol/l;
• luteal phase - 6.99-56.63 nmol/l.

After menopause, the hormone level does not rise above 0.64 nmol/l. This hormone is produced in much larger quantities when carrying a child, its norm is:

• I trimester - 8.9-468.4 nmol/l;
• II trimester - 71.5-303.1 nmol/l;
• III trimester - 88.7-771.5 nmol/l.

If you take any medications while carrying a child and are tested for progesterone, be sure to inform the laboratory assistant about this. He will make the necessary notes to correctly decipher the indicators.

Progesterone by week pregnancy is produced with different intensity. Accordingly, the concentration of the hormone in the blood fluctuates. In addition, in various medical sources, hormone norms by week of pregnancy differ significantly. If your blood test results are different from those shown, don't worry.

Progesterone: Normal for men

In men, the level of this hormone is normally low, it ranges from 0.32-0.64 nmol/l.

Progesterone is reduced

If conception has occurred, and there is a lack of this hormone in the body, the body of the expectant mother does not “know” that she needs to prepare for pregnancy. A new monthly cycle begins, and the body rejects the fertilized egg in the uterus. So lack of progesterone may cause miscarriage in the first trimester.

A lack of the hormone can also be observed during a short luteal phase, when less than 10 days pass from ovulation to the start of the next menstruation. The duration of the luteal phase can be calculated using a basal temperature chart.

If after ovulation the hormone level is reduced, this indicates a hormonal imbalance. Its reasons may be:

• insufficient function of the corpus luteum and placenta;
• uterine bleeding not associated with menstruation;
• miscarriage;
• post-term pregnancy;
• chronic inflammation of the reproductive system;
• intrauterine growth retardation;
• taking certain medications.

In such cases, among other things, they prescribe progesterone treatment in dosage form.

Progesterone is increased

In women, the level of this hormone in the blood begins to rise in the middle of the menstrual cycle. During this period, the body prepares for possible pregnancy. When the level is elevated, body temperature rises, including basal temperature.

An increased level may occur with:

• pregnancy;
• renal failure;
• uterine bleeding (not menstruation);
• deviations in the development of the placenta;
• corpus luteum cyst;
• absence of menstruation for more than 6 months;
• production of insufficient or excessive amounts of hormones in the adrenal glands;
• taking certain medications.

When the blood concentration of this hormone is low, medications are prescribed. Taking progesterone may cause side effects: high blood pressure, nausea, swelling.

Drugs are not prescribed if a woman has:

• vaginal bleeding;
• liver function is impaired;
• breast tumor.

Prescribe with caution in the following cases:

• diabetes mellitus;
• impaired kidney function;
• epilepsy;
• heart failure;
• migraine attacks;
• depression;
• bronchial asthma;
• breastfeeding;
• ectopic pregnancy.

A specialist can prescribe treatment only after an analysis. The dosage form in which the patient will take the drug - injections or tablets - is chosen by the doctor.

Types of injection solutions: progesterone 2.5%, progesterone 2% and progesterone 1%. In these preparations, the hormone is contained in a solution of olive or almond oil. The shelf life of the drug solution is 5 years from the date of manufacture.

Progesterone 1%, 2% and 2.5%, which is administered intramuscularly or subcutaneously, acts faster and more effectively on the body than tablets.

Form in which it is most often prescribed progesterone, injections. The doctor may prescribe a drug if your period is late to correct the hormonal balance. If your hormonal balance is disturbed, then this hormone, when your period is delayed, resumes the normal cycle. If you are pregnant and there is a risk of miscarriage, then it will help preserve the fetus.

OH-progesterone (other names: 17-OH-progesterone, 17-OH, 17-alpha-hydroxyprogesterone, 17-OPG), contrary to popular belief, is not a hormone. It is a product of the metabolism of steroid hormones, which is secreted by the ovaries and the adrenal cortex. This is a kind of “semi-finished product” from which important hormones are formed. If during pregnancy OH-progesterone is increased or downgraded, this is not a cause for concern. A blood test during this period does not provide any useful information to the doctor. It is important what level of progesterone the baby has after birth.

OH-progesterone: normal

An analysis of the hormone concentration is taken on the 4-5th day of the cycle. This must be done 8 hours or more after the last meal. If the adrenal glands are healthy and secrete OH-progesterone in sufficient quantities, the norm in women of childbearing age should be within the following range:

• 1.24-8.24 nmol/l - follicular phase;
• 0.91-4.24 nmol/l - ovulatory phase;
• 0.99-11.51 nmol/l - luteal phase.

During menopause, the hormone level decreases to 0.39-1.55 nmol/l. It can be increased in women during pregnancy:

• I trimester - 3.55-17.03 nmol/l;
• II trimester - 3.55-20 nmol/l;
• III trimester - 3.75-33.33 nmol/l.

Lack of OH-progesterone

When the level of the hormone in the body is low, the following may occur:

• abnormal development of the external genital organs in boys (pseudohermaphroditism);
• chronic insufficiency of the adrenal cortex (Addison's disease).

Increase in OH-progesterone

At elevated levels, the following may develop:

• adrenal tumors;
• ovarian tumors;
• congenital disorders of the adrenal cortex.

Disturbances in the functioning of the adrenal cortex can manifest themselves:

• increased amount of hair in women on the face and chest;
• acne;
• menstrual irregularities;
• polycystic ovary syndrome;
• stillbirth;
• miscarriages;
• early child mortality.

Congenital adrenal cortex dysfunction (CAD) in a woman can also lead to infertility, but sometimes symptoms do not appear and pregnancy occurs without complications. If you have a decrease or increase in hormone levels, consult a specialist. With correct and timely analysis, you will be prescribed treatment that will help avoid the unpleasant consequences of the disease.

Medical encyclopedia: use knowledge for health

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1 nanogram [ng] = 1E-06 milligram [mg]

Initial value

Converted value

kilogram gram exagram petagram teragram gigagram megagram hectogram decagram decigram centigram milligram microgram nanogram picogram femtogram attogram dalton, atomic mass unit kilogram-force sq. sec./meter kilopound kilopound (kip) slug pound-force square. sec/ft pound troy pound ounce troy ounce metric ounce short ton long (English) ton assay ton (US) assay ton (UK) ton (metric) kiloton (metric) hundredweight (metric) hundredweight American hundredweight British quarter (US) quarter (UK) stone (US) stone (UK) ton pennyweight scruple carat gran gamma talent (Dr. Israel) mina (Dr. Israel) shekel (Dr. Israel) bekan (Dr. Israel) hera (Dr. Israel) talent (Dr. Greece) mina (Dr. Greece) tetradrachm ( Ancient Greece) didrachm (Ancient Greece) drachma (Ancient Greece) denarius (Ancient Rome) ass (Ancient Rome) codrant (Ancient Rome) lepton (Ancient Rome) Planck mass atomic unit of mass electron rest mass rest mass muon mass of a proton mass of a neutron mass of a deuteron mass of the Earth mass of the Sun Berkovets pud Pound lot spool share quintal livre

More about mass

General information

Mass is the property of physical bodies to resist acceleration. Mass, unlike weight, does not change depending on environment and does not depend on the gravitational force of the planet on which this body is located. Mass m determined using Newton's second law, according to the formula: F = ma, Where F- this is strength, and a- acceleration.

Mass and weight

The word “weight” is often used in everyday life when people talk about mass. In physics, weight, in contrast to mass, is a force acting on a body due to the attraction between bodies and planets. Weight can also be calculated using Newton's second law: P= mg, Where m is the mass, and g- free fall acceleration. This acceleration occurs due to the gravitational force of the planet near which the body is located, and its magnitude also depends on this force. The acceleration of free fall on Earth is 9.80665 meters per second, and on the Moon it is approximately six times less - 1.63 meters per second. Thus, a body weighing one kilogram weighs 9.8 newtons on Earth and 1.63 newtons on the Moon.

Gravitational mass

Gravitational mass shows what gravitational force acts on a body (passive mass) and with what gravitational force the body acts on other bodies (active mass). When increasing active gravitational mass body, its force of attraction also increases. It is this force that controls the movement and location of stars, planets and other astronomical objects in the universe. Tides are also caused by the gravitational forces of the Earth and Moon.

With increase passive gravitational mass the force with which the gravitational fields of other bodies act on this body also increases.

Inert mass

Inertial mass is the property of a body to resist movement. It is precisely because a body has mass that a certain force must be applied to move the body from its place or change the direction or speed of its movement. The greater the inertial mass, the greater the force required to achieve this. Mass in Newton's second law is precisely inertial mass. The gravitational and inertial masses are equal in magnitude.

Mass and relativity

According to the theory of relativity, gravitating mass changes the curvature of the space-time continuum. The greater the mass of a body, the stronger the curvature around this body, therefore, near bodies of large mass, such as stars, the trajectory of light rays is bent. This effect in astronomy is called gravitational lenses. On the contrary, far from large astronomical objects (massive stars or their clusters called galaxies), the movement of light rays is linear.

The main postulate of the theory of relativity is the postulate about the finiteness of the speed of propagation of light. Several interesting consequences follow from this. Firstly, one can imagine the existence of objects with such a large mass that the second cosmic velocity of such a body will be equal to the speed of light, i.e. no information from this object will be able to reach the outside world. Such space objects general theory relativity are called “black holes” and their existence has been experimentally proven by scientists. Secondly, when an object moves at near-light speed, its inertial mass increases so much that local time inside the object slows down compared to time. measured by stationary clocks on Earth. This paradox is known as the "twin paradox": one of them is sent to space flight at near-light speed, the other remains on Earth. Upon returning from the flight twenty years later, it turns out that the twin astronaut is biologically younger than his brother!

Units

Kilogram

In the SI system, mass is expressed in kilograms. The kilogram is determined based on the exact numerical value of Planck's constant h, equal to 6.62607015×10⁻³⁴, expressed in J s, which is equal to kg m² s⁻¹, with the second and meter being determined by exact values c and Δ ν Cs. The mass of one liter of water can be approximately considered equal to one kilogram. The derivatives of kilogram, gram (1/1000 of a kilogram) and ton (1000 kilograms) are not SI units, but are widely used.

Electron-volt

Electronvolt is a unit for measuring energy. It is usually used in the theory of relativity, and energy is calculated using the formula E=mc², where E- this is energy, m- mass, and c- speed of light. According to the principle of equivalence of mass and energy, the electronvolt is also a unit of mass in the system of natural units, where c is equal to unity, which means mass equals energy. Electrovolts are mainly used in nuclear and atomic physics.

Atomic mass unit

Atomic mass unit ( A. e.m.) is intended for masses of molecules, atoms, and other particles. One a. e.m. is equal to 1/12 the mass of a carbon nuclide atom, ¹²C. This is approximately 1.66 × 10 ⁻²⁷ kilograms.

Slug

Slugs are used primarily in the British Imperial system in Great Britain and some other countries. One slug equal to mass a body that moves with an acceleration of one foot per second per second when a force of one pound-force is applied to it. This is approximately 14.59 kilograms.

Solar mass

Solar mass is a measure of mass used in astronomy to measure stars, planets and galaxies. One solar mass is equal to the mass of the Sun, that is, 2 × 10³⁰ kilograms. The mass of the Earth is approximately 333,000 times less.

Carat

Mass is measured in carats precious stones and metals in jewelry. One carat is equal to 200 milligrams. The name and the size itself are associated with the seeds of the carob tree (in English: carob, pronounced “carob”). One carat used to be equal to the weight of the seed of this tree, and buyers carried their seeds with them to check whether they were being deceived by sellers of precious metals and stones. The weight of a gold coin in Ancient Rome was equal to 24 carob seeds, and therefore carats began to be used to indicate the amount of gold in the alloy. 24 carat is pure gold, 12 carat is half gold alloy, and so on.

Grand

The grain was used as a measure of weight in many countries before the Renaissance. It was based on the weight of grains, mainly barley, and other popular crops at the time. One grain is equal to about 65 milligrams. This is a little more than a quarter of a carat. Until carats became widespread, grains were used in jewelry. This measure of weight is still used to this day to measure the mass of gunpowder, bullets, arrows, and gold foil in dentistry.

Other units of mass

In countries where the metric system is not adopted, the British Imperial system is used. For example, in the UK, USA and Canada, pounds, stones and ounces are widely used. One pound is equal to 453.6 grams. Stones are used mainly only to measure human body weight. One stone is approximately 6.35 kilograms or exactly 14 pounds. Ounces are primarily used in cooking recipes, especially for foods in small portions. One ounce is 1/16 of a pound, or approximately 28.35 grams. In Canada, which formally adopted the metric system in the 1970s, many products are sold in rounded imperial units, such as one pound or 14 fluid ounces, but are labeled with weight or volume in metric units. In English, such a system is called “soft metric” (English). soft metric), in contrast to the “rigid metric” system (eng. hard metric), in which the rounded weight in metric units is indicated on the package. This image shows "soft metric" food packaging, showing weight in metric units only and volume in both metric and imperial units.

Do you find it difficult to translate units of measurement from one language to another? Colleagues are ready to help you. Post a question in TCTerms and within a few minutes you will receive an answer.

– a very important female sex hormone. It is produced by the corpus luteum and in the adrenal glands (in small quantities).

The role of progesterone in a woman’s body is great – it is on it that the conception and bearing of a child depends. From the moment of ovulation, the production of this hormone begins to increase, thanks to it the walls of the uterus become looser, the number of contractions decreases so that the egg has the opportunity to attach. Further production of the hormone by the corpus luteum is necessary to perform other, no less important, functions:

• influence on the endometrium, which supports the embryo;
• prevents the onset of menstruation;
• stimulates the development of mammary gland structures that will produce milk;
• influences the psycho-emotional state of a woman, develops the so-called maternal instinct.

In addition to its important role in female reproductive function, progesterone affects the body as a whole:

• prevents the formation of fibrous cysts;
• reduces blood viscosity;
• controls sugar levels;
• participates in fat metabolism.

The corpus luteum, which directly produces progesterone, is formed after the egg matures and leaves the follicle. The remaining membrane of the follicle is called the corpus luteum. Thus, progesterone begins to be produced on days 12–17 of the cycle. This time is called ovulation, which lasts only 24 hours. If the egg is not fertilized, it dies.

After ovulation, the luteal phase begins, at this time progesterone is produced up to 56 ng/ml - this is its maximum level, then if fertilization does not occur, it decreases.

If conception has occurred, the production of the hormone continues and rapidly increases - several hundred times.

This scheme works for natural fertilization; if the ECHO method is used, then in this case the woman does not form a corpus luteum, and accordingly, there is no required level of hormones. In this case, hormone therapy is prescribed until the progesterone level is reached and further throughout pregnancy.

Norm of progesterone by day of the cycle

In women, the rate of progesterone is determined depending on the day of the menstrual cycle. Each phase has its own value. Progesterone in the luteal phase reaches its maximum values ​​- this indicates the beginning of ovulation and the preparation of the uterus for egg implantation. If during this period the hormone level is low and fertilization has occurred, a spontaneous miscarriage will occur. That is why women planning pregnancy should control the amount of progesterone in the second phase of the menstrual cycle.

A blood test is prescribed on day 22, but for a more detailed picture, doctors recommend taking it several times in a row to track the dynamics. What level of progesterone is considered normal? It should be noted that in women who take hormonal contraceptives, the indicators will differ significantly. The table shows standard indicators for each stage of the cycle:

If a woman is postmenopausal, then her hormone level should be from 0.32 to 2.51 nmol/l.

If conception occurs, then a rapid increase in the hormone occurs, and the pregnant woman will have the following indicators:

Two days before birth, the hormone level decreases sharply - to 2.3 nmol/l. This is necessary so that the uterus can contract and, thereby, stimulate labor. However, the amount of progesterone remains high - it is involved in stimulating milk production.

What is the effect of decreased and increased progesterone levels in women?

Lack of hormone levels primarily affects a woman’s reproductive system.

If the level of progesterone in the luteal phase is reduced, then the fertilized egg cannot attach to the walls of the uterus, dies and is released naturally along with the endometrium - this is menstruation.

If the amount of the hormone is reduced in the first trimester of pregnancy, a miscarriage occurs because the uterus contracts intensively and the endometrium is not sufficiently prepared to retain the amniotic egg. But if the problem is only in progesterone, then it can be solved with special drugs prescribed by the gynecologist.

The level of the hormone decreases due to the presence of the following problems in the body:

• chronic stage of ovarian inflammation;
• lack of ovulation;
• irregular monthly cycle;
• dysfunction of the corpus luteum;
• adrenal gland diseases.

If the amount of progesterone decreases, this affects the level of estrogen - it increases and as a result the woman experiences:

• sweating;
• sleep disturbance;
• weight gain;
• swelling;
• convulsions.

The estrogen level should be in the range from 11 to 191 pg/ml. In women during menopause – from 5 to 90 pg/ml.

An increase in progesterone levels in the body can be caused by the following reasons:

• pregnancy;
• uterine bleeding;
• deviations in the development of the placenta;
• due to the formation of a cyst in the corpus luteum;
• pathology of the adrenal glands.

The influence of a woman's age on progesterone levels

With age, women's hormonal levels change completely - the production of some hormones, including progesterone, decreases, while others increase. With the onset of menopause, the ratio of estrogen and progesterone changes. Estrogen stimulates the activity of various body systems, and progesterone seems to restrain it. If an imbalance occurs, women experience so-called hot flashes. In this case, the condition is characterized by:

• increased excitability;
• frequent mood changes;
• disruption of the sweat glands;
• pain in the mammary glands;
• weight gain.

The production of hormones decreases during menopause due to the attenuation of ovarian function. Fewer and fewer eggs mature, there is no ovulation, and progesterone is not produced. But this does not mean that its level in the blood decreases to zero - the required amount is produced by the adrenal glands if their function is not impaired.

How to take a progesterone test

To determine your progesterone level, you need to take a blood test. But before taking the test, you need to consult a gynecologist - he will tell you how to choose the right day. Many people prescribe analysis on the 20th day of the cycle, but this is not entirely true, because the following points need to be taken into account:

• the onset of the ovulation phase. If the menstrual cycle is normal, then it begins on the 15th day, counting from the first day of the onset of menstruation, and if the cycle is unstable, it is necessary to measure the basal temperature. Every day the temperature in the rectum is recorded, and when a sharp decrease is noted, and the next day an increase, this indicates the onset of ovulation;
• You can take the test 4 days after ovulation;
• it is better to record the dynamics of changes in indicators - take several days in a row, starting from 15 to 23. This is the only way to record the phase growth of hormone production and compare the results with the normative ones;
• take it in the morning, on an empty stomach, and it is better not to eat at all for 12 hours before the expected time of blood sampling.

It must be remembered that if during the period of testing you feel unwell and are treated with various drugs, the results may be unreliable. In this case, they should be retaken a month later or after the end of treatment.

How to decipher the analysis results

Levels of the hormone progesterone are measured in nanograms (0.000001 milligrams) in one milliliter of blood. According to another system, nmol is nanomole (10 -9 mol) per liter. Standard indicators are most often given in nmol/l. Therefore, the question often arises about how to convert ng/ml to nmol/l. It's not difficult at all, you just need to use the formula:

1 ng/ml * 3.18 = 1 nmol/l.

For example, a patient’s test result showed a hormone level in the blood of 22.4 ng/ml. Substituting the result into the formula, you get:

22.4 ng/ml * 3.18 = 71.23 nmol/l.

Considering that blood sampling is carried out during the luteal phase, and the progesterone norm on day 21 of the cycle is 16.2–85.9, this result may indicate normal function of the corpus luteum and ovaries - there are no deviations.

References

1. Obstetrics. Clinical lectures: textbook with CD / Ed. prof. O.V. Makarova. - M.: GEOTAR-Media, 2007. - 640 pp.: ill.
2. Anatomically and clinically narrow pelvis. Chernukha E.A., Puchko T.K., Volobuev A.I. 2005 Publisher: Triad-X.
3. Non-developing pregnancy. Radzinsky V.E., Dimitrova V.I., Mayskova I.Yu. 2009 Publisher: Geotar-Media.
4. Miscarriage. Tutorial for students, residents, graduate students, students of FUVL.A. Ozolinya, T.N. Savchenko, T.N., Sumedi.-Moscow.-21s.-2010.
5. Intrauterine infection: Management of pregnancy, childbirth and the postpartum period. UMO stamp for medical education. Sidorova I.S., Makarov I.O., Matvienko N.A. 2008 Publisher: MEDpress.
6. Preeclampsia: theory and practice. Ailamazyan E.K., Mozgovaya E.V. 2008 Publisher: MEDpress-inform.
7. Obstetric tactics for breech presentation, Strizhakov A.N., Ignatko I.V., M.: Dynasty, 2009.

Testosterone – a hormone that plays a critical role in male sexual development and regulation of their ability to produce viable offspring. Violation of its quantitative indication usually indicates the development of various pathologies, especially of an endocrine nature, in the testes (for example, with a tumor of these glands).

Meaning of the term

Initially, it should be noted that this indicator is calculated. It is obtained from a percentage comparison of data on total testosterone and sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) in the blood.

Total testosterone is distinguished by a combination of three conditions. One fraction of it is associated with albumin (23-63%), the second - with globulin (33-73%) and the third, the smallest (1-2%), the so-called free testosterone or active androgen, which is produced in male testes and not reacts with proteins.

Free androgen, although present in small quantities, is its role in the male body is very important, it:

• affects the maturation and production of reproductive parts;
• regulates spermatogenesis;
• affects sexual desire;
• helps build muscle tissue;
• prevents the accumulation of fat deposits;
• normalizes the exchange of phosphorus and nitrogen.

Individually, free testosterone cannot be isolated. It is defined as the difference between the total androgen and protein-bound hormone levels. It is this residue that is called the “free testosterone index”.

It is calculated as a percentage. But to do this, a study is first carried out to determine the presence of the amounts of the above hormones. As a result of their comparison, this index is determined.

IMPORTANT! The transformation of testosterone into the appropriate form occurs under the influence of certain chemical influences in which various enzymes take part. In the absence of at least one of them, incomplete maturation of the reproductive organs occurs.

Index calculation method

So, from the above it is already known that the free testosterone index is determined as a percentage. A similar calculation is shown in connection with explicit clinical signs disturbances in the level of glucocorticoids produced by the sex secretion glands, in one direction or another. Moreover, the amount of the hormone in this case may remain normal.

The index is calculated as follows: general indicator androgen divided by the amount of SHBG, and the resulting result is multiplied by 100. The calculator for calculating active hormones is widely used in medical institutions; it is easy to find on the relevant Internet sites.

How is the analysis done?

Diagnosis is carried out for certain indications:

The analysis is done in special centers or laboratories. First, blood serum is obtained using centrifuges, which is then studied.

Preliminary preparation for such a study is necessary.:

1. before the analysis you cannot eat (the last meal is allowed 8 hours before taking it), you are only allowed to drink water;
2. since you cannot take medications before taking blood, and this procedure should be carried out 1-2 weeks after stopping them, this issue requires agreement with the treating doctor;
3. the day before the study, you need to give up fatty foods, fried foods, alcohol, and give up excessive physical activity;
4. The reason for refusing the analysis may be the previous day of X-ray, fluorographic examinations, ultrasound, or physiotherapeutic interventions.

IMPORTANT! In order for the test results to be accurate and reflect the true picture, you should prepare for their delivery with all responsibility. You should not rely on your own interpretation of the results; only an endocrinologist can accurately decipher them and determine an accurate diagnosis.

Blood is drawn from a patient's vein by a knowledgeable healthcare professional. This procedure is usually well tolerated, because the amount of material required is insignificant.

The timing of the analysis is also important. Usually this should be in the morning, before 11 o'clock. Violation of all these recommendations may affect the results of the study. Naturally, the indicators may be incorrect.

Taking the test requires mandatory registration of the patient. Therefore, you should take your passport with you.

In a day, when the result is usually ready, a laboratory employee will describe it, where he will clarify the identified deviations from standard indicators.

Representatives of the stronger sex need to monitor the level of free testosterone during each period of their sexual development. For young men who have not reached full puberty, this is important for determining true and false hermaphroditism. For men, this type of study is indicated when symptoms of a certain illness appear.

Normal values ​​in nmol/l, ng/ml, pg/ml

Recognition of research results always involves comparing the results obtained with established indicators. It should be noted right away that the units of research in medical institutions and laboratories may not be the same: nmol/l, ng/ml, pg/ml. This is not scary, because the forms with the final indices also indicate standard indicators in the units that were used. Based on this, it is not difficult to determine the results of the test yourself.

However in case of deviations from normal values, the patient should not make sudden conclusions. After all, such numbers may not always indicate pathological changes in the body. For example, the maximum amount of testosterone is usually observed in the morning. Then its level gradually begins to decrease and reaches its minimum in the evening.

If the androgen deviates from acceptable values, it can be adjusted. At the same time, the doctor does not eliminate this imbalance, but treats the cause of its occurrence. For this purpose, drug treatment is mainly used.

This hormone is also synthesized depending on the time of year. So, in spring it is greatest, and in winter it is smallest. Androgen surges, which are short-term in nature, also depend on depression, stress, etc.

Testosterone in blood serum in accordance with age development is determined in the following proportions (nmol/l):

• boys and men under 18 years of age – 0.2-37.67;
• men from 18 to 50 years old – 5.76-30.43;
• men over 50 years old – 5.41-19.54.

The norm of free androgen in representatives of the stronger sex is 4.5-42 pg/ml. It depends on age, and, as mentioned above, time of day. Most high level it is observed until the age of 30.

But if this indicator deviates upward, one can judge about liver damage, prostate cancer, excessive and rapid increase in adrenal cell tissue, pituitary tumors and other ailments.

A decrease in testosterone may indicate aging of the body, this is justified. If this indicator decreases for a certain age group, it may suggest the presence of such ailments as;

1. liver cirrhosis, diabetes;
2. hormonal disorders;
3. failures in the functional development of male gonads, etc.

Typically, androgen deficiency is characteristic of patients:

• with Down syndrome;
• for obesity;
• dysfunctions of the thyroid gland.

Bad habits also reduce this indicator.

Exactly a blood test for testosterone levels is an accurate diagnostic method, allowing the doctor to identify the problem and prescribe appropriate treatment.

You can learn about the norms of free testosterone in this video:

Conclusion

IN human body, as in nature in general, everything is balanced. Therefore, a change in this balance is the main sign of a health problem. In addition, a lack or excess of such an important hormone as testosterone can also seriously spoil it.

If this condition is not diagnosed, the disease will become active., which will entail many other complications. Therefore, at the first signs listed in this material, rush to see an endocrinologist. Self-medication for hormonal diseases is unacceptable, because it is fraught with serious consequences.

Progesterone is often called the pregnancy hormone, since it is most actively synthesized after fertilization of the egg. During the period of bearing a child, this hormone maintains the uterus in a relaxed state, preventing its contractions and, accordingly, miscarriage or premature birth.

In non-pregnant women, this steroid is produced in smaller quantities, but, nevertheless, its role in maintaining women's health is no less important than during pregnancy.

The level of progesterone in women directly depends on age, period of the menstrual cycle and stage of pregnancy. In this topic, we would like to invite you to understand what progesterone is, what its norm and functions are in the body, and also what changes in its level may indicate. In addition, we will tell you in detail how to determine the amount of progesterone in the blood of women and how to prepare for such a study.

Progesterone is a steroid hormone that is synthesized in the female body mainly by the ovaries and placenta, as well as in small quantities by the adrenal cortex.

In non-pregnant women, progesterone is responsible for reproductive health, namely the regular occurrence of the ovulatory period and menstruation. In pregnant women, progesterone allows them to carry a child to term.

To better understand how progesterone is produced and when it is best to determine it in the blood, we suggest first understanding what the menstrual cycle is.

The menstrual cycle is a sign of puberty in women, which indicates that a woman can perform reproductive function.

The normal duration of the menstrual cycle is from 25 to 33 days. This period is usually divided into four phases, namely:

What is the role of progesterone in the female body?

Progesterone in women performs many tasks, among which are the following:

• preparing the organs of a woman’s reproductive system for pregnancy;
• ensuring the normal course of pregnancy and childbirth;
• ensuring successful implantation of an egg fertilized by a sperm into the endometrium of the uterus.
• stopping the rejection of the decidual layer of the uterus, thereby preventing the appearance of menstruation;
• adaptation nervous system during pregnancy, childbirth and breastfeeding;
• maintaining a relaxed state of the uterus while bearing a child in order to prevent miscarriage or premature birth;
• increased sebum secretion;
• conversion of lipids into energy;
• participation in the development of the glandular apparatus of the mammary gland;
• preparing the mammary gland for lactation;
• reducing the risk of fibrous cysts in the mammary glands;
• participation in maintaining normal blood glucose levels;
• regulates blood sugar levels;
• increased blood pressure;
• ensuring libido;
• ensuring the formation of maternal instinct, etc.

The progesterone level in the blood test results is reflected in the form of nanograms per milliliter (ng/ml) or nanomoles per liter (nmol/l). To convert ng/ml to nmol/l, you need to multiply this number by 3.18.

As we have already mentioned, progesterone levels in women directly depend on the age and day of the menstrual cycle, and during pregnancy, on the period. Also, the amount of progesterone in the blood is affected by taking oral contraceptives, so this must be taken into account when deciphering the results.

Progesterone levels in non-pregnant women

As you can see, the trend is quite accurately demonstrated in how the level of progesterone depends on the phase of the cycle, with the maximum level of the hormone corresponding. Therefore, the most accurate analysis will be carried out from the 19th to the 23rd day of the menstrual cycle.

In postmenopause (menopause) the rate is less than 0.6 nmol/l.

Progesterone levels in pregnant women

The second table also shows us that progesterone levels increase with pregnancy. Most high rate hormone in the last trimester, as this is necessary to prevent premature birth, as well as prepare the birth canal for delivery and mammary glands to lactation.

The interpretation of a blood test for progesterone should be carried out exclusively by a specialist obstetrician-gynecologist, who will necessarily take into account the characteristics of the course and duration of pregnancy.

Progesterone test: how to prepare and when should you take it?

Blood test to determine progesterone levels prescribed to women in the following situations:

The progesterone test does not require any special preparatory measures; you just need to avoid eating food 8 hours before blood sampling.

In cases where the cycle duration is slightly longer (32-35 days), the analysis is performed on the 28th or 29th day of the cycle.

The regularity of menstruation plays an important role when choosing the time to take a blood test for progesterone. Therefore, when drawing blood, the nurse will definitely clarify when your last period began and how long your cycle is.

A blood test for progesterone during regular menstruation is carried out in the morning strictly on an empty stomach on the 21st day of the menstrual cycle, if its duration is 28 days. You can also conduct this study on the 22nd day or even the 23rd day, but the most objective results will still be on the 21st day of the menstrual cycle, since at this time the hormone level reaches its peak.

If you have an irregular menstrual cycle, a progesterone test is performed several times. When choosing a date for donating blood, you need to focus on ovulation, which is determined by rapid tests or by measuring basal temperature. In this case, the study is carried out on the 6-7th day after ovulation.

During menopause or during pregnancy, a blood test for progesterone is taken any day.

At your preliminary consultation with the doctor who is referring you for this study, you must inform him about taking any medicines, since this may affect the objectivity of the results.

Blood test results for progesterone may be lower or higher than normal.

Progesterone is higher than normal: what are the reasons?

When progesterone is higher normal indicators, then experts designate this condition as hyperprogesteronemia.

Reasons higher level in the blood of this hormone Non-pregnant women of childbearing age may have the following conditions:

If progesterone in the blood is too high, then A woman experiences symptoms such as:

• fatigue;
• causeless weight gain;
• increased sweating;
• arterial hypertension;
• dysmenorrhea;
• acne;
• flatulence;
• increased sensitivity and soreness of the mammary glands;
• emotional lability.

Lack of progesterone: what are the causes?

A decrease in the amount of this hormone in the blood is called hypoprogesteronemia.

The causes of such hormonal imbalance may be the following conditions:

Symptoms of hypoprogesteronemia:

• infertility;
• frequent miscarriages in the first trimester;
• dysfunctional uterine bleeding;
• dysmenorrhea;
• unauthorized termination of pregnancy or premature birth;
• post-term pregnancy;
• placental insufficiency.

An obstetrician-gynecologist diagnoses and treats excess or deficiency of progesterone in women.

Regardless of whether the hormone in the blood is increased or decreased, you first need to find out why the hormonal imbalance occurred. To do this, a woman must undergo a comprehensive examination, the scope of which is prescribed by the attending doctor.

Almost always, a test is prescribed that simultaneously determines the level of estrogen and progesterone in the blood, since such a study is more informative.

When the cause of hypo- or hyperprogesteronemia is known, the treating doctor will prescribe treatment. For example, in case of cysts or tumors, surgical treatment is carried out, and in case of renal failure, kidney function is normalized, etc.

If there is an excess of progesterone, the basis of treatment is to eliminate the cause, because this is the only way to normalize the level of this hormone.

In case of progesterone deficiency, including during pregnancy, drugs from the group of progestins (Utrozhestan, Ingesta, Duphaston, Progesterone and others) are prescribed, which contain progesterone and are available in the form of injection solutions or tablets. Doses of drugs are selected strictly individually, depending on the results of the analysis.

• breast tumors of any quality;
• liver pathology;
• metrorrhagia.

Progestins are also used with caution, under the supervision of the attending physician, in patients with diabetes mellitus, kidney failure, epilepsy, bronchial asthma and migraine.

Except drug treatment, regardless of the level of the hormone in the blood, All patients need to adhere to certain principles, namely:

• eliminating stress;
• limiting physical activity;
• proper and healthy nutrition;
• active lifestyle;
• giving up bad habits.

Thus, we can conclude that progesterone is one of the most important female hormones, which are responsible for reproductive function, the normal course of pregnancy and preparation for childbirth. But, despite the importance of this hormone, in no case should you take medications containing it on your own, as this can have dangerous consequences for women’s health.