Duty is a social necessity expressed in moral requirements for the individual. Fulfilling the requirements of duty, the individual acts as a bearer of certain moral duties to society, who is aware of them and implements them in his activities. In the category of debt, the obligatory incentive is strong. Duty not only clearly formulates the idea itself, but also gives it an imperative character: it calls, demands, insists on its implementation. To be a man of duty means not only to know its essence, its requirements, but also to follow these requirements in practice.
Many of the greats valued a sense of duty. I. Kant wrote that duty is precisely that great thing that elevates a person above himself.
The official duty of a law enforcement officer is moral in its objective and subjective expression. The moral value of the objective content of debt is that it is subordinated to the solution of the highest and fairest task: protecting individual rights and freedoms, ensuring the security of one’s country, strengthening law and order. However, the potential possibilities of official duty can only manifest themselves if they are complemented by a subjective moral attitude towards it, when public duties are perceived and recognized as personal, as a deep need and conviction in the justice and righteousness of the cause that one serves.
The duty of law enforcement officers is a high and honorable duty arising from the subjective needs of protecting the individual, society, and state, consecrated by state legal requirements and internal moral motives.
The coincidence of the dominant desire with duty is a kind of apotheosis of morality. However, these concepts should be distinguished. Duty is a requirement of society, a collective, and what is desired is an attribute of the individual. Ultimately, duty works to achieve what is desired, and what is desired, when correctly understood, leads to the fulfillment of duty.
Duty directly reveals the active nature of morality. It not only gives clear clarity to the idea and goals, but also encourages and demands their achievement. Therefore, public duty is an active consciousness. The attitude to public duty characterizes not only the individual, but also the team. Law enforcement agencies attach paramount importance to duty as a direct regulator of the activities of their employees.
The moral duty of law enforcement officers has objective and subjective sides. Objective is determined by the need to protect the security of the state and society, ensuring the rights and freedoms of its citizens. The subjective one represents clearly defined tasks set by the state for law enforcement agencies: the consciousness and responsibility of employees, the readiness and ability of everyone to understand the requirements of moral duty, their place and role in the common cause, and to make high demands on themselves.
The specificity of the requirements of the official duty of law enforcement officers is determined by the nature of the tasks, the characteristics of the organization, and the unique conditions in which their activities take place.
Due to the specific nature of the organization of law enforcement agencies, moral relations in them are regulated by legal norms in more detail than in other areas. Therefore, duty is not so much a wish as a requirement of the state and society. The moral content of duty is supported by legal requirements that have the force of law. Through the moral basis of duty, high qualities are revealed: diligence, reasonable initiative, dedication and courage, dignity and honor.
The commonality of legal and moral requirements is characteristic of all Russian legislation in legal acts regulating the activities of law enforcement agencies; the interaction and interpenetration of these two types of social requirements is closer and deeper. The requirements of legally formalized professional duty, expressed in the Oath, charters, manuals, instructions, contain both a moral assessment and a legal norm.
Consequently, professional duty represents the unity of the legal and moral aspects.
An important component of moral duty is self-discipline. Such a high level of development of moral attitude towards duty is necessary, when not a single act is committed contrary to self-awareness, and the fulfillment of duty is reinforced by the dictates of conscience, when discipline, as the main expression of professional duty, becomes self-discipline. Internal readiness to follow the requirements of the Oath, charters, and one’s leaders, perceived as an internal motivation, is the highest measure of responsibility, the readiness to fulfill a professional duty not under coercion, but out of conscience, voluntarily.
The moral measure of professional duty is the practical sphere, which is formed from the relationship to the state and society and employees to each other. The concept of a moral criterion for fulfilling a professional duty includes not only its practical results, but also the motives of activity. In addition, a moral assessment of an employee’s specific behavior involves taking into account his previous activities.
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Savostina E. A. The relationship between morality and ethics of official duty // Scientific and methodological electronic magazine"Concept". – 2014. – T. 20. – P. 596–600..htm.
Annotation. The article examines the relationship between such concepts as morality and ethics of official duty. Historical analysis carried out legal regulation the concept of military honor in the Russian and Soviet armies, showing that, along with clear regulation of issues related to military service, much attention was paid to the morality of military personnel, compliance with norms and rules of behavior in service and in everyday life. It also describes the polarity of ethics and morality of duty, the duality of combining the previously described concepts and a possible solution to this dilemma.
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Savostina Evgenia Andreevna, student of the Faculty of Psychology, Belgorod State National Research University (NRU "BelSU"), Belgorod [email protected]
The relationship between morality and ethics of official duty
Abstract: The article examines the relationship between such concepts as morality and ethics of official duty. A historical analysis of the legal regulation of the concept of military honor in the Russian and Soviet armies has been carried out, showing that, along with clear regulation of issues related to military service, much attention was paid to the morality of military personnel, compliance with the norms and rules of behavior in service and in everyday life. It also describes the polarity of ethics and morality of duty, the duality of combining the previously described concepts and a possible solution to this dilemma. Key words: ethics, morality, duty, alternative public service.
The high ethical education of every soldier performing his official duty is not only an expression of his personal moral maturity, but also effective means influence on others during military service. Good manners are not given at birth, but are developed over a long period of time. After all, even then, one of the famous American writers, journalists and public figures, Mark Twain, remarked on this matter: “ Cauliflower “This is an ordinary cabbage that later received a good upbringing.” It is not surprising that a person without sufficiently strong ideological convictions is able to observe ethical standards only to a certain point, he has weak “moral brakes”, and he is most susceptible to the influence of various accidents and temptations. It is easier to calculate the flight path of a rocket than to predict what such a person will do in a given situation. Having examined the historically established concepts of “military honor” and the unwritten code of honor of the Russian soldier performing his official duty, we can conclude that every boss, no matter what position no matter what position he held (up to and including the Supreme Commander-in-Chief), he must always remember that he does not just “command”, but has the honor of commanding. He must remember this both in peacetime, respecting his subordinate’s military dignity, and especially in war, when their personal honor, their good name in the eyes of future generations, is inextricably linked with the honor of the company, corps or army entrusted to him. It is more difficult for a superior to comply with the requirements of military ethics than for a subordinate: more is asked of him, because more is given to him. Two qualities best express the essence of military ethics: benevolence towards subordinates - officers just like the boss - and consciousness of the greatness of the “honor to command.” So what are the ethics and morality of official duty? How do these two concepts relate to each other? Conscience and duty are categories that express the imperativeness of morality. A person cannot live in society and be free from it, therefore, by virtue of his social essence, he bears certain responsibilities in relation to society; their awareness, internal perception and feeling form the basis of moral duty. Therefore, the category of duty expresses the need to fulfill one’s moral duties, to submit to a will more significant than one’s own. The sense of duty has a great influence on all human activity and behavior, indicating that the requirements of public morality have become moral motives for the behavior of an individual. Obviously, a sense of duty presupposes the renunciation of one's own choice, agreement with the requirements contained in the imperatives of duty. The power of moral duty was noted in the ethics of I. Kant, who believed that duty is inherent in human consciousness before any experience, and only it determines human behavior and is the main concept of moral consciousness. Accordingly, duty is a person’s awareness of the need to fulfill what is prescribed by moral consciousness, a higher principle than our own needs, desires and plans. The ethics of official activity is, in essence, the ethics of military service. It considers the entire set of norms and rules of moral behavior of a military man in a peaceful and combat situation, which are necessary for him to fulfill his military duty. At the same time, when we talk about the ethics of a domestic soldier, the ethics of behavior, we also mean specific forms of human actions dictated by morality, the requirements of the military oath and military regulations. Life often confronts a person, a soldier, with various problems, dilemmas, and questions that he must answer. The Ariadne thread that will show a warrior the most correct route of moral behavior is his deep understanding of the essence of the moral criterion. At moments of choice, making a moral decision, a person brought up in the spirit of morality will always have a question: is the planned step, action, intention consonant with the interests of the team, society, our ideals? Military ethics, as the law of moral behavior in the service, obliges every soldier to check all his steps with this criterion and adapt his actions precisely in accordance with it. Take a closer look, the principles of our morality (including those set out in military regulations and the oath) are not just stated general norms, rules of behavior, but focus our attention on the main thing: the individual’s attitude to society and its protection, relationships within the team and in the family; relations between peoples and nations, etc. It is known that the charters express only general, fundamental provisions. It is impossible to detail in them every step and deed of a warrior, which in each specific case are determined by the requirements of the norms of our morality and military ethics. Complementing each other, the legal and moral aspects of the military oath and regulations are very effective and allow each soldier to fulfill his duty with dignity during his service. A person's fulfillment of the requirements of military discipline and the norms of military ethics only under the influence of external coercion does not indicate his deep upbringing. Such a person follows certain instructions, often out of fear of moral condemnation or disciplinary punishment. In a difficult and critical situation, such a person will not always ensure reliability and uninterrupted operation. A Soviet soldier, faithful to the norms of military ethics, fulfills his duty, first of all, out of deep inner conviction. High consciousness allows him to suppress any negative feeling, get rid of bad deeds, control his behavior, manage himself in the most difficult situations, extinguish and suppress temporary manifestations of mental weakness, being alone with himself, encourages him to take decisive action. This is the moral imperative of the soldier’s military service. Analyzing the wars of the late 1819th century, waged for the state interests by professional armies, which became the golden age of mankind, one can understand without any difficulty that the modern ethics of duty is just a pale shadow of what was developed by generations of soldiers over many years of armchair work. politics of professional armies. Wars were fought without hatred of the enemy - and there were no “enemies” - there were only opponents, stubborn and fierce in battle, courteous and courteous after the battle, who did not lose a sense of honor in the hottest business. After the Battle of Trebia, Suvorov ordered the return of the swords of the captured 17th Demi-Brigade out of respect for the two-hundred-year-old glory and valor of the Royal Auvergne Regiment, from which it was composed. Fifty years earlier, at Foncenoy, the Scots had closed within fifty paces of the French Guard, who continued to stand silent. Lord Gow shouted to the French colonel: “Order the fire.” “After you, English gentlemen!” - answered the French commander Comte d'Autroche, politely saluting with his sword. A volley from the entire front of the Scottish brigade killed hundreds of French. This is: “Apres vous, messieurs les Anglais!” has become a household name. This episode played a huge role in the history of the two peoples. It was about him one hundred and seventy years later that Marshal French reminded Foch when that same Scottish brigade sacrificed itself, covering the French retreat at a critical moment near Ypres. But the revolution of 1789 with its armed “masses” caused severe damage to the ethics of official duty. Already the clashes of the armed French people with the armed peoples of the Russians and Spaniards resurrected pictures of barbarian invasions and religious wars. Professional (and semi-professional) armies imparted to the wars a touch of humanity, which was subsequently completely lost. The Crimean and Italian wars were the last of the great wars fought by gentlemen. Already the war of 1870 and the behavior of the German armed people in it showed the incompatibility of the rules of morality and military ethics of duty with the intelligence of the armed masses. There is nothing to say about the ugly massacres of 1914 - the shame of Dinant and Louvain, the atrocities in Serbia, the collapse of the Russian, German and Austro-Hungarian armies and the disgusting phenomena that accompanied this collapse. By replacing professional, “trained” armies with ferocious people's militias, humanity replaced scourges with scorpions and aggravated the disasters of war. At the same time, war is inevitable, just as disease is inevitable; you cannot get rid of it with any paper treaties. Nowadays the issue of correlating morality and ethics of official duty is becoming more and more pressing. This is explained, on the one hand, by the growth of religious consciousness of military personnel, and on the other, by the loss of many ethical and ethical guidelines in society. In the near future, the legislator will have to resolve the issue of freedom of conscience in the Armed Forces at two levels of the recruitment stage, when some conscripts refuse military service for religious and other beliefs, and within the army itself.
The problem of the contradiction between civil responsibilities and deep inner convictions of military personnel has become urgent today, and many investigators and military prosecutors had to deal with cases of military personnel refusing to take the oath and take up arms during investigations. Exploring international legal documents and historical experience (back in 1919, Soviet Russia adopted a Decree on exemption from military service for religious reasons), we understand the ambiguity and duality of this problem. The main goal of the law on alternative public service: resolving contradictions, finding a compromise between civic duty and conscience a person whose convictions do not allow him to take up arms, take an oath, or serve in the army. This law should give individuals the opportunity to realize their spiritual potential not in the Armed Forces, but in the sphere of civil relations. Civil alternative service should be considered as a state service, one of its varieties, and not as a loophole for those who want to find a lighter option. Today, the law on ACS should become a mechanism for implementing the corresponding constitutional provision on the right of citizens to choose how to serve society. Ten years ago in the USSR, the right to alternative service was completely absent. At that time, the law on universal military service of 1939 was in force, in Art. 3 of which it was stated that every citizen of the Soviet Union is obliged, regardless of nationality and religion, to serve in the Armed Forces. Such service was regarded as a sacred duty to protect the Fatherland. It should be noted that now Russia remains in the civilized world practically the only state that does not have a law on AGS, with the exception of countries where there is a professional army (USA, Canada, UK). The French and Belgian armies are switching to a professional basis. Many believe that the adoption of the law on AGS will not only not reduce, but will also increase the combat readiness of the Russian Armed Forces. But since there is no law yet, today young people can evade military service for appropriate reasons and not bear any responsibility for it. In 1980 alone, only about 700 people avoided serving in the USSR. At that time, such a figure was an emergency. And now in Russia alone there are 30 thousand evaders in six months! At the same time Art. 328 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation provides for liability for evading alternative service. But it doesn't work. The article for evading military service is also inactive, since there is no law on the ACS. A vicious circle. In addition, even if a conscientious objector (who, due to his convictions, cannot take up arms) is nevertheless drafted into the army and serves, can the commander count on this soldier in an extreme situation, when it is necessary to carry out an important task or shoot, or press the button? .. Is there a guarantee that such a symbolic soldier will carry out combat orders and oppose the enemy? What kind of army will this be? And why would it be? Our modern Russian army is already facing this problem.
A serious obstacle to the implementation of freedom of conscience in the Russian Armed Forces is the lack of a legal mechanism for realizing the rights of religious military personnel. A complex set of issues related to meeting the religious needs of religious military personnel is regulated by just one article of the law on the status of military personnel. This article contains such general and unclear provisions that they in no way can serve as guidance when commanders of military units solve practical problems of realizing the rights of religious military personnel. For a military organization, the specific feature of which is strict regulation of all aspects of its life and activities, it would be advisable to clearly define at the level of by-laws, for example at the level of the internal service charter, both the responsibilities of commanders to implement the rights of religious military personnel, and the very procedure for their implementation. Let us remember that all this was included in the regulations of the Russian army. There is nothing similar in the modern regulations of the Russian Armed Forces. A serious obstacle to the implementation of the principle of freedom of conscience in the Armed Forces is the lack of education of the majority of officers in the field of religion. Most of them not only do not know the basics of the doctrine of a particular religious denomination, its cult, the peculiarities of the psychology of its supporters, but they also do not know the requirements that their religious faith places on their believing subordinates in relation to military service. This lack of education of commanders, under certain circumstances, can become the reason for involuntary insult to the religious feelings of religious servicemen, the emergence of conflicts in military groups on religious grounds, the failure of religious servicemen to comply with this or that order, the reason for the evasion of religious servicemen from performing the duties of military service. In order for officers to have With the necessary knowledge in the field of religion, a course in Religious Studies should be introduced in all higher military educational institutions. The implementation of the principle of freedom of conscience in the Armed Forces is also hampered by the fact that in the current structure of the Armed Forces there are no units specifically dealing with the problems of ensuring the rights of religious military personnel. It should be noted that at first, when interaction between the army and religious organizations began to improve, such structures were created. Unfortunately, our military leaders often do not know how many believers there are in a particular unit, what religious denominations they belong to, what level their religiosity and the extent to which their religious needs are satisfied in the conditions of military service in a given military unit. Resolving these issues will contribute to the observance of the rights of military personnel and strengthening the combat readiness of the Armed Forces. Each person chooses his own level of communication and perception in society: either a person is useful for the state or for himself. And for sure we have all ever encountered the most important phenomenon in our lives: the choice and setting your life and social priorities. After all, the most famous English poet and playwright once remarked: “My honor is my life; both grow from the same root. Take away my honor and my life will end."
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SavostinaEvgeniyaAndreevna1st year student of the department of developmental and social psychology, Department of Psychology NIU "BELGU" Belgorod state research university, [email protected] of morality and ethics dutyAbstract:The article examines the relationship of concepts such as morality and ethics of duty. Historical analysis of legal regulation of the concepts of military honor in Russian and Soviet armies, showing that, along with a clear regulation of issues related to their military service, great attention was paid to military morality, norms and rules of behavior at work and in everyday life life. Also describes the polarity of ethics and morality of duty, duality combining previously described concepts and possible solution to this dilemma.Keywords:ethics, morals, call of duty, alternative civil service.
Duty is one of the main categories of ethics, since the sphere of morality is the sphere of what is proper. Duty is a social necessity expressed in moral requirements for the individual. In other words, this is the transformation of a common moral requirement into a personal task for a specific person, formulated in relation to his position and a certain situation. Debt has long received special recognition in the work of a lawyer.
The professional duty of a lawyer is a set of legal and moral requirements imposed on a lawyer in the exercise of his official powers. Thus, the professional and moral duty of the investigator excludes delay in inspecting the scene of the incident or refusal to conduct it.
As an integral part public debt The professional duty of a lawyer is the basis of moral relations in professional legal activity.
The professional duty of a lawyer has objective and subjective sides, i.e. is moral in objective and subjective terms.
The moral value of the objective content of debt is that it is subordinated to the solution of the highest and fairest task: protecting the individual, his rights and legitimate interests, ensuring law and order in the country. The objective side of duty represents clearly formulated tasks set by the state for legal workers.
The moral value of duty in its subjective expression is manifested in the case when the public duties assigned by the state to legal workers are perceived as fair and true, are recognized by them as personal deep-seated needs and beliefs, and become voluntary and purposeful activities. The subjective side of duty is an internal conviction of the justice and rightness of the cause to which life is dedicated.
The professional duty of a lawyer is the focal point of the connection between the entire set of moral norms and principles that guide him and his professional practical activities. Duty reveals the active nature of morality, which consists in translating what is morally conscious into what is achieved. In duty, theory is transformed into practice, moral principles and norms - into real actions and deeds. Professional duty mobilizes a lawyer or a working group to perform work efficiently, on time, with the greatest effective result, and forces them to use all physical and moral forces to achieve their goals.
The professional duty of a lawyer is determined by the interaction of legal norms and moral norms, since moral norms regulate a person’s internal awareness of his behavior, and legal norms regulate the external form of behavior. Deviation from moral norms, as a rule, is always at the same time a violation of legal norms. The requirements of professional duty are legally established in laws, charters, regulations, and instructions. These acts also enshrine the moral assessment of the actions of lawyers. Legislation is characterized by the unity of legal and moral regulations.
The professional duty of a lawyer cannot be equated with his legal responsibility. The legal obligation of a lawyer is related to his competence, which is clearly defined by the rules of law and entails state coercion in the form of various legal sanctions in case of non-fulfillment.
The concept of professional duty is broader in scope than legal obligation. Professional duty differs from duties of a legal nature in that:
- 1) includes both legal obligations and certain moral requirements for his profession;
- 2) professional duty is not implemented by the coercive force of state control, but on the basis of internal conviction, the dictates of conscience, justice, perceived as an internal necessity.
Whatever functions a lawyer performs, there are many situations when no one directly controls him from the outside. Neither the power of legal influence nor the influence of colleagues, if they do not coincide with internal personal motivations, conviction, conscience and passion, can guarantee that in the course of their activities a particular lawyer will not violate his professional duty. Therefore, the most important element of moral duty is self-discipline.
The mechanism of self-discipline covers: individual beliefs that gradually develop in the process of social life; feelings, habits, self-esteem by a person of his actions, motives, moral qualities; self-education. Such a high level of development of moral attitude towards duty is necessary, when not a single act is committed contrary to self-awareness, and the fulfillment of duty is reinforced by the dictates of conscience, when discipline, as the main expression of professional duty, becomes self-discipline.
For a lawyer to properly perform his professional duty, moral factors such as conscience, honor, and reputation are of great importance.
Conscience is an internal awareness of moral duty and responsibility to society, requiring self-control from the individual, strict adherence to the norms of personal and professional behavior, and a self-critical assessment of one’s own actions. Here, duty and responsibility to oneself are inextricably linked.
The conscience of an individual in general and a lawyer in particular manifests itself in various forms:
- 1) moral satisfaction;
- 2) feelings of shame.
The concept of honor reveals a person’s attitude towards himself and the attitude towards him from society. It plays the same role in relationships between people and in the regulation of a person’s behavior as dignity. The preamble of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights states that personal dignity is a property inherent in all representatives of the human race, from which all inalienable rights flow and freedom, justice and world peace are based.
The moral value of an individual in the concept of honor is associated with the specific position of a person, the type of his activity and the moral merits that are recognized for him. Unlike the concept of personal dignity, which is based on the principle of equality of all people in moral and legal terms, the concept of honor, on the contrary, evaluates people differently. This assessment is reflected in the reputation. Accordingly, honor requires a person to maintain the reputation that he or the team in which he works has.
The honor of a lawyer, i.e. professional honor is the driving force of all moral actions that are manifested in the performance of professional duty.
The honor of an investigator, lawyer, judge, notary and others is inseparable from the honor of the team in which they work. Therefore, they cannot afford to commit an act that would disgrace their fellow workers. The honor of the team is the honor of a particular lawyer.
The concept of professional honor of a lawyer is closely related to the concept of ambition. Any lawyer should have healthy ambition, because it determines the desire to occupy a place in the hierarchical service pyramid that would correspond to his abilities and labor costs. Properly understood ambition does not harm the common cause, but, on the contrary, gives additional strength for its implementation. The healthy ambition of a lawyer manifests itself as a motive for actions that are performed in order for a person to achieve primacy, supremacy, gain influence and weight, as well as to earn official recognition and associated honors and awards.
Healthy ambition must be identified with the concept of a professional career. Unfortunately, this term is compromised by the concept of “careerist”. However, legislation and legal practice need it.
Professional career as a lawyer
A professional career is a career advancement determined by the quality of work performed, position held, length of service and other personal merits.
The opposite of healthy ambition is careerism, which acts as a negative moral quality that characterizes a person’s personality and behavior. A careerist is ready to fulfill the requirements placed on him only insofar as this helps to improve his personal situation and career advancement. For him, his life principle is not service to the common cause, but an external demonstration of his adherence to the instructions of the highest official authorities in order to be “noticed.” The most negative thing is that a careerist, in his desire to occupy an important position, is indifferent to the fate of people. Therefore, a lawyer who has great government powers, moving up the career ladder, must remember that he must not use dirty means to achieve selfish goals. A lawyer should always have “clean hands.”
Legal ethics
Tasks:
Thus, ethics
What is the relationship between moral and official duty?
All legal documents do not contain uniform solutions for any situation, but only prescribe the limitations within which decisions must be made. The restrictions are often such that, depending on the level of culture and the degree of moral education of the employee, the situation that has arisen can be resolved either politely and bureaucratically, formally and bureaucratically, or taking into account the sense of dignity of the people who find themselves in it. It is obvious that the result of different solutions to a situational conflict will be opposite moral consequences for the moral health of society and for maintaining the authority of law enforcement agencies. Areas in which the category of debt has received special recognition have always been the areas of military and law enforcement activities. It is in these areas of activity that debt has been and continues to be used as an imperative driving force for people.
The official duty of an employee, being an integral part of public duty, is moral in its objective and subjective expression.
The moral value of the objective content of debt is that it is subordinated to the solution of the highest and fairest task: protecting individual rights and freedoms, ensuring the security of the country, strengthening law and order. However, the potential possibilities of official duty can only manifest themselves if they are complemented by a moral attitude towards it, when public duties are perceived and recognized as personal, as a deep need and conviction in the justice and righteousness of the cause that one serves. Based on this, the dialectic of official and moral duty lies in the fact that the duty of an employee is an honorable and high duty, arising from the objective needs of protecting the individual, society and the state, consecrated by state legal requirements and internal moral convictions. The coincidence of the dominant desire with duty is a kind of apotheosis of morality, duty- this is a requirement of society, a collective, desire is an attribute of the individual. It is important to realize that ultimately duty works to achieve the desired, and the desired, if understood correctly, leads to more successful performance of official duty.
From the history of the emergence and development of ethical thought.
Initially, attempts to comprehend fundamental moral values were carried out against the background of an emerging philosophy, that is, ethics was merged with philosophy. The literature notes that, with certain reservations, it can be stated: by the end of the 18th century, the preparatory (preliminary) stage in the development of ethical thought was completed. It was by this time that philosophers (and above all Kant) realized that morality is not reducible to religion, biology, psychology, or any other cultural phenomena and has its own principles, concepts, plays a specific role in the life of an individual and society.
The process of formation of ethics dates back to the middle of the 1st millennium BC. e. and occurred almost simultaneously in Ancient Greece, India and China. The term “ethics” itself was introduced into scientific circulation by Aristotle (381-322 BC). But this outstanding ancient Greek thinker should not be considered the first ethicist. Even before Aristotle, Plato’s teacher Socrates (469-399 BC), Protagoras, and Democritus dealt with various problems of morality. Moral issues occupied specific place in the creative quests of many thinkers who lived in the 5th and subsequent centuries BC. Naturally, among the first questions that philosophers asked were not only ideological, but also questions of a moral nature (primarily the question of man’s place in the world and the meaning of his life).
The reasons for such a late “maturation” of ethics (to XVIII century) are determined not only by the complexity of its subject, but also by the fact that in real life morality does not exist in isolation; its principles permeate all types of human activity. Therefore, many sciences in one way or another touch on various manifestations and aspects of morality.
To identify the specifics of ethics, the peculiarities of its subject, it is advisable to compare it with other branches of spiritual activity (based on the principle that everything is known by comparison). In other words, ethics is not only a normative science, prescribing what to do in certain cases, but also an ideological, theoretical teaching that explains the nature of morality, the complex and contradictory world of moral relations, and the highest aspirations of man.
The theoretical depth of ethics allows it to give convincing recommendations to a person.
With all this, ethics (moral philosophy) has two tasks:
1) identify the essence of morality;
2) coordinate the study of morality by various sciences.
Basic provisions of Codes of Conduct for Lawyers.
Code of honor for a lawyer.
Moral and psychological qualities of a judge, investigator, prosecutor. In the eyes of society, the judiciary must personify justice. Everyone whose interests are affected by criminal proceedings counts on the protection of his rights in court and the satisfaction of his claims. Namely, in court, the opposing interests of the one who broke the law and society, the interests of the accused and the victim, and other persons, collide. A judge, investigator, prosecutor, defense attorney operate in the sphere of conflicts, both interpersonal and social. In these conditions, increased moral demands are placed on officials of justice and those who conduct investigations and carry out criminal prosecutions. These people must have the ability to resist possible attempts to influence them from various forces, be guided only by the law, and be fair. Those who administered justice or assisted the court due to professional duty must have high business and moral qualities.
In general terms, the moral obligations and ethical requirements for an employee of internal affairs bodies are as follows:
Treating a person as the highest value, respecting rights, freedoms, interests and
human dignity in accordance with international and Russian legal norms and universal principles of morality.
Deep understanding of the social significance of one’s role and high
professionalism, his responsibility to society and the state as a police officer, on whom public safety, protection of life, health, and legal protection of the population and citizens depend.
Reasonable and humane use of the law provided to the police officer
rights in strict accordance with the principles of social justice, civil, official and moral duty.
Integrity, courage, uncompromisingness, dedication in the fight against
crime, objectivity and impartiality in decision making.
Impeccability of personal behavior in the service and at home, honesty, integrity,
concern for professional honor - “honor in service”, the public reputation of a police officer.
Avoid abuse of official position, corruption,
prevent such phenomena in every possible way.
Selflessly and unswervingly use all legal measures to protect the innocent from
lawlessness and deception, the weak from intimidation, the peaceful from violence and disorder, in extreme situations, do not leave defenseless women, the elderly and children, the sick and disabled, do not allow connivance in evil and impunity.
Conscious discipline, diligence and initiative, professional
solidarity, mutual assistance, support, courage and moral and psychological readiness to act in non-standard, extreme conditions.
Continuous improvement of professional skills and knowledge in the field
service ethics, improving general culture, expanding intelligence, creative (creative) development of domestic and foreign experience necessary in the service.
The listed requirements give a fairly complete and deep understanding of the moral qualities that not only an internal affairs officer, but also all law enforcement officials who are capable of demonstrating humanity, tolerance, justice, a sense of duty, courage, courage, endurance, selflessness, honesty, patriotism, impartiality, modesty, professionalism.
Official and moral duty.
Duty of a lawyer– a set of legal and moral requirements imposed on a lawyer when exercising his official powers. As an integral part of public duty, a lawyer’s official duty is the basis of moral relations in professional legal activity. A lawyer’s official duty has objective and subjective sides, i.e. is moral in objective and subjective terms.
The moral value of the objective content of debt is that it is subordinated to the solution of the highest and fairest task: protecting the individual, his rights and legitimate interests, ensuring law and order in the country. The objective side of debt is are clearly formulated tasks set by the state for legal workers. The moral value of duty in its subjective expression is manifested in the case when the public duties assigned by the state to legal workers are perceived as fair and true, are recognized by them as personal deep-seated needs and beliefs, and become voluntary and purposeful activities. The subjective side of debt represents is an internal conviction of the justice and rightness of the cause to which life is dedicated.
Professional duty mobilizes a lawyer or a working group (team) to perform the work efficiently, on time, with the greatest effective result, forcing them to use all physical and moral forces to achieve their goals. The legal duty of a lawyer is determined the interaction of legal norms and moral norms, since moral norms regulate a person’s internal awareness of his behavior, and legal norms regulate the external form of behavior. Deviation from moral norms, as a rule, is always at the same time a violation of legal norms. The requirements of professional duty are legally established in laws, charters, regulations, and instructions. These acts also enshrine the moral assessment of the actions of lawyers. For example, the requirements of a legally formalized duty, expressed in the oath of the prosecutor, contain both a moral assessment and a legal norm. In the sphere of professional duty, there are no legal requirements that are devoid of moral force, just as there are no moral norms that do not have legal force. Consequently, in official duty, the legal and moral aspects merge together. Official duty is a necessary quality of an employee; an internally realized sense of responsibility for a specific area of work, an understanding of necessity, social usefulness, and clarity in carrying out the assigned work.
Moral duty- one of the fundamental concepts of ethics, which denotes morally reasoned compulsion to act, moral necessity, fixed as a subjective principle of behavior.
This also requires internal compulsion, imposing an obligation in relation to the obligation itself, which is the meaning of moral duty.
Article 5. Professional duty, honor and dignity of an employee of internal affairs bodies (Code of Professional Ethics for Employees of Internal Affairs Bodies of the Russian Federation).
1. Professional duty, honor and dignity are the main moral guidelines in the career path of a defender of law and order and, along with conscience, constitute the moral core of the personality of an internal affairs officer.
2. The employee’s duty is to unconditionally fulfill the responsibilities enshrined in the Oath, laws and professional and ethical standards to ensure reliable protection of law and order, legality, and public safety.
6. Professional duty, honor and dignity are the most important criteria for the moral maturity of an employee and indicators of his readiness to perform operational and official tasks.
Speech culture.
The main components of cultural speech include correctness, richness of language, brevity, clarity, appropriateness and emotional expressiveness.
1. The profession of a lawyer requires not only high moral qualities, but also broad general education.
2. A lawyer is often a confidential interlocutor, and this requires the highest level of culture. And in each specific case you need to find the necessary tone of the word and correctly express your thoughts.
3. Every lawyer, and especially the head of the body, acts as a speaker, as a propagandist of legal and moral knowledge.
4. The ability to speak and perform in public, language proficiency has long been considered an attributable quality of a lawyer and an employee of internal affairs bodies.
5. Language is a tool with the help of which all thoughts are formalized and transmitted; it is a professional weapon of a lawyer. For a lawyer, issues of speech culture are relevant and topical due to practical necessity.
In general terms, the requirements for the culture of speech and the external appearance of an employee are reduced to the following provisions:
It is especially useful for police officers to know the argot - the jargon of criminals,
to make it easier to fight them, but to speak their language means to humiliate, insult oneself, and stoop to their level.
The correct tone of speech of an internal affairs officer is a means of persuasion and
at the same time showing respect for the interlocutor. A calm, even tone certainly helps him convince his interlocutor, while irritability, nervousness, and loudness nullify all his arguments and make the employee an unbearable interlocutor.
The more cultured a person is, the richer his vocabulary.
Never, under any circumstances, should you forget about the main criterion
actions and behavior of a police officer: legality and moral assessment by public opinion, by people for whose safety and tranquility this service exists (Code of Honor for Private and Commanding Personnel of Internal Affairs Bodies // Appendix to Order of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia No. 501, November 19, 1993).
The professional honor of a police officer must be above all else.
In conclusion, we present generally accepted communicative postulates
Talk neither more nor less, but exactly as much as is necessary for adequate
transfer of information.
Don't get distracted from the topic.
Tell only the truth.
To speak definitely, not ambiguously.
Speak politely, respecting the speech dignity of the interlocutor.
Very often the postulates are not respected.
Requirements for the moral culture of law enforcement officers.
Moral culture occupies one of the central places in the personal culture of law enforcement officers.
Moral qualities included in the concept of moral culture of an individual have always played and continue to play a huge role in all spheres of human life, especially military, in the activities of intelligence services and law enforcement agencies.
In general, in its essence, content and structure, the moral culture of law enforcement officers coincides with the moral culture of Russian citizens.
In general, the moral requirements for a law enforcement officer are as follows:
Treating people as the highest value, respecting and protecting rights, freedoms and
human dignity in accordance with international and domestic legal norms and universal principles of morality;
Deep understanding of the social significance of one’s role and high
professionalism, their responsibility to society and the state as an employee of the law enforcement system, on which public safety, the protection of life, health, and legal protection of large masses of people depend to a decisive extent;
Reasonable and humane use of the rights provided by law to the employee
law enforcement agencies' rights in strict accordance with the principles of social justice, civil, official and moral duty;
Integrity, courage, uncompromisingness, dedication in the fight against
crime, objectivity and impartiality in decision making;
Impeccability of personal behavior in the service and at home, honesty, integrity,
concern for the professional honor and public reputation of a law enforcement officer;
Conscious discipline, diligence and initiative, professional
solidarity,
Mutual assistance, support, courage and moral and psychological readiness for
actions in difficult situations, the ability to take reasonable risks in extreme conditions;
Continuous improvement of professional skills and knowledge in the field
service ethics, etiquette and tact, improving general culture, expanding intellectual horizons, creative development of domestic and foreign experience necessary in the service.
Attitude towards others: modesty, pride in one's profession, respect for dignity and honor - in oneself and in others, conscientiousness, justice, exactingness, truthfulness, politeness, decency, goodwill, constant readiness to help.
Attitude to the performance of official duties: courage, endurance, self-control, perseverance, determination, exactingness, discipline, integrity, courage, initiative, honesty, unselfishness, diligence, independence, efficiency, creativity.
Basic moral requirements for the professional activities of law enforcement officers: ideological conviction, personal discipline, legality, constant improvement of professional knowledge, skills, etc.
Lawyer's office etiquette
As for the professional activity of a lawyer, it is fully connected with aesthetics, since the features and results of this interaction are clearly visible here. They are expressed in the aesthetic culture of a lawyer, which is the basis of legal aesthetics as a scientific direction.
The requirements of legal aesthetics concern all aspects of a lawyer’s activity. They help ensure effective and optimal organization of a lawyer’s work, its high culture, and the creation of an environment of business comfort.
The ethical and aesthetic in jurisprudence (taking into account their specifics), as in other sciences, form an inseparable whole.
The aesthetic culture of a lawyer has internal and external sides. The external side appears in the forms of its manifestation and characterizes the external side of the lawyer’s activity; internal - in the requirements for the perception of beauty, which are deep-seated properties of a person and characterize the internal side of the aesthetic culture of a lawyer as an individual, his ideals, aesthetic taste.
37. Personal discipline is the main requirement for the moral culture of a lawyer.
Discipline as a quality of a person characterizes her behavior in various spheres of life and activity and is manifested in consistency, internal organization, responsibility, readiness to obey both personal and social goals, attitudes, norms and principles.
Discipline- these are the requirements of discipline, the fulfillment of which has become a deep internal need for the employee, a stable habit of doing everything regulations regulating official activities.
It is a manifestation of the employee’s responsibility for his actions before society and the law, an understanding of the need to subordinate his actions to the role of the boss, and personal interests to the interests of the service.
Thus, we can conclude that the concept of “discipline” is a specific quality of an employee of internal affairs bodies, ensuring sustainable and strict compliance with the requirements of laws and other regulations. It is characterized by external and internal indicators.
External indicators of discipline:
Strict adherence to the law,
Accurate and proactive implementation of orders and instructions from superiors
careful handling of weapons, equipment, communications, and other official property.
Exemplary appearance.
Internal indicators of discipline:
Conviction in the necessity and expediency of official discipline,
knowledge of laws and other regulations governing official activities,
Ability to manage oneself in accordance with job requirements
disciplines, skills and habits of disciplined behavior, self-discipline.
Such a quality as discipline is not born with
a person and especially not given to an employee of internal affairs bodies along with his shoulder straps. It is formed and developed in the process of activity.
38. The essence and content of ethics of a prosecutor’s office employee.
The behavior of the public prosecutor and his position as a whole must be based on moral standards and comply with them. The prosecutor protects the interests of society, acts on behalf of the state, but at the same time he is called upon to protect the legitimate interests of the defendant, his dignity.
Ethics of a prosecutor
Regulatory basis:
Federal Law "On the Prosecutor's Office" Russian Federation» dated January 17, 1992 (as amended on July 1, 2010);
Code of Ethics for Prosecutors
Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation;
Civil Procedure Code of the Russian Federation.
Thus, we can give the following definition of prosecutorial ethics. Prosecutor ethics - availability for prosecutors and investigators high level general educational and theoretical training, possession of deep knowledge in various fields, spiritual and spiritual qualities, manifestation of the highest professionalism in the performance of their functional and official duties, strict adherence to the rules of morality, principles of activity of the prosecutor's office and a humane attitude towards people.
The purpose of this Code is to establish the rules of conduct for prosecutors arising from this high rank, the characteristics of service in the bodies and institutions of the prosecutor's office of the Russian Federation and the restrictions associated with prosecutorial activities.
In official and non-official activities, a prosecutor is obliged to:
Maintain personal dignity in any situation, be an example of behavior, integrity, avoid conflict situations, constantly improve professional qualifications, cultural level, etc. (based on general provisions code).
Subject and objectives of the course “Professional ethics”.
Legal ethics- this is a type of professional ethics, which is a set of rules of conduct for employees of the legal profession, ensuring the moral character of their labor activity and off-duty behavior, as well as a scientific discipline that studies the specifics of implementing moral requirements in this area. The purpose of ethics is to describe morality, explain morality, and teach morality. Professional ethics of a lawyer can be called the moral code of lawyers of various specialties. The importance of a lawyer’s professional ethics is that it imparts a moral character to the activities of administering justice, performing prosecutorial functions, investigative work, as well as other types of activities carried out by professional lawyers.
Moral standards fill justice and legal activity in general
humanistic content. The professional ethics of a lawyer, revealing and promoting the humane principles of legal relations that develop in various areas of life, has a positive impact on both legislation and law enforcement.
Tasks: promote the correct formation of consciousness and views of legal professionals, orienting them towards strict adherence to moral standards, ensuring true justice, protecting the rights, freedoms, honor and dignity of people, protecting their own honor and reputation.
Ethics as a science not only studies, generalizes and systematizes the principles and norms of morality operating in society, but also contributes to the development of such moral ideas that best meet historical needs, thereby contributing to the improvement of society and man. Ethics as a science serves the social and economic progress of society, the establishment in it of the principles of humanism and justice.
Thus, ethics is the science of the essence, laws of origin and historical development of morality, its specific functions, and the moral values of social life.
Duty is a social necessity expressed in moral requirements for the individual. Fulfilling the requirements of duty, the individual acts as a bearer of certain moral duties to society, who is aware of them and implements them in his activities. In the category of debt, the obligatory incentive is strong. Duty not only clearly formulates the idea itself, but also gives it an imperative character: it calls, demands, insists on its implementation. To be a man of duty means not only to know its essence, its requirements, but also to follow these requirements in practice.
The official duty of a law enforcement officer is moral in its objective and subjective expression. The moral value of the objective content of debt is that it is subordinated to the solution of the highest and fairest task: protecting individual rights and freedoms, ensuring the security of one’s country, strengthening law and order. However, the potential possibilities of official duty can only manifest themselves if they are complemented by a subjective moral attitude towards it, when public duties are perceived and recognized as personal, as a deep need and conviction in the justice and righteousness of the cause that one serves.
Duty directly reveals the active nature of morality. It not only gives clear clarity to the idea and goals, but also encourages and demands their achievement. Therefore, public duty is an active consciousness. The attitude to public duty characterizes not only the individual, but also the team. Law enforcement agencies attach paramount importance to duty as a direct regulator of the activities of their employees.
The moral duty of law enforcement officers has objective and subjective sides. Objective is determined by the need to protect the security of the state and society, ensuring the rights and freedoms of its citizens. The subjective one represents clearly defined tasks set by the state for law enforcement agencies: the consciousness and responsibility of employees, the readiness and ability of everyone to understand the requirements of moral duty, their place and role in the common cause, and to make high demands on themselves.
The specificity of the requirements of the official duty of law enforcement officers is determined by the nature of the tasks, the characteristics of the organization, and the unique conditions in which their activities take place.
Due to the specific nature of the organization of law enforcement agencies, moral relations in them are regulated by legal norms in more detail than in other areas. Therefore, duty is not so much a wish as a requirement of the state and society. The moral content of duty is supported by legal requirements that have the force of law. Through the moral basis of duty, high qualities are revealed - diligence, reasonable initiative, dedication and courage, dignity and honor.
The commonality of legal and moral requirements is characteristic of all Russian legislation in legal acts regulating the activities of law enforcement agencies; the interaction and interpenetration of these two types of social requirements is closer and deeper. The requirements of legally formalized professional duty, expressed in the Oath, charters, manuals, instructions, contain both a moral assessment and a legal norm.
Consequently, professional duty represents the unity of the legal and moral aspects.
An important component of moral duty is self-discipline. Such a high level of development of moral attitude towards duty is necessary, when not a single act is committed contrary to self-awareness, and the fulfillment of duty is reinforced by the dictates of conscience, when discipline, as the main expression of professional duty, becomes self-discipline. Internal readiness to follow the requirements of the Oath, charters, and one’s leaders, perceived as an internal urge, is the highest measure of responsibility, the readiness to fulfill a professional duty not under coercion, but out of conscience, voluntarily.
The moral measure of professional duty is the practical sphere, which is formed from the relationship to the state and society and employees to each other. The concept of a moral criterion for fulfilling a professional duty includes not only its practical results, but also the motives of activity. In addition, a moral assessment of an employee’s specific behavior involves taking into account his previous activities.
In this regard, the category of moral responsibility becomes extremely important in the activities of law enforcement agencies.
The category of moral responsibility is significantly correlated with the category of professional duty, being to a certain extent one of its components. Responsibility expresses the attitude of society or a person towards the fulfillment of a moral duty by a subject.
Moral responsibility can be conditionally divided into internal and external. Internal responsibility is the ability of an individual to realize the consequences of his actions and act in accordance with this awareness, guided by moral standards. External responsibility comes in the form of social sanctions for individual actions.
Sometimes responsibility is divided into positive and negative. Positive responsibility is the conscious and conscientious fulfillment by an individual of the requirements placed on him. It orients the dream to the proper performance by the subject of the duties assigned to him. Negative responsibility is the reaction of society or an individual to committed offenses.
Moral responsibility differs from legal responsibility, which is always associated with the use of government coercive measures. With moral responsibility, sanctions against a subject for immoral actions can be imposed not only by society, but also by the subject himself. Moral responsibility is associated primarily with public and personal condemnation.
In this regard, the question of the level of responsibility arises. There is a clear legal framework in determining legal liability. Moral responsibility has no such framework. The measure of moral responsibility is sufficiently based on subjective grounds, because society or the person himself in each specific situation determines to what extent and in what form to condemn the offender. However, this does not mean that the measure of moral responsibility is devoid of objective grounds. Such grounds are the degree of harm caused by the offense and the degree of guilt of the offender.
The measure of responsibility for moral choice follows from the dialectic of freedom and necessity. A person is responsible to the extent of freedom of choice, i.e. she is responsible only for what she objectively could and subjectively had to choose and implement in action.
In recent years, the question of the responsibility of law enforcement agencies and their employees for their actions has become acute. The essence of this question is the following: to what extent and for what they can and should be held responsible.
The measure of responsibility, as noted above, is determined by the measure of freedom of choice, i.e. the presence of objective opportunities for alternative actions and the degree of adherence to moral requirements. Law enforcement officials must be held accountable for specific illegal or immoral actions of specific individuals or government agencies. However, in reality, assessing the actions of a person or an entire organization does not always fit into one formula or another. Many issues require in-depth analysis and must be resolved in their own way in each specific case, taking into account all the accompanying circumstances.
Areas in which the category of debt has received special recognition have always been the areas of military and law enforcement activities. It is in these areas of activity that debt has been and continues to be used as an imperative driving force for people.
Civil servants, aware of their responsibility to the state, society and citizens, are called upon to:
a) perform job responsibilities conscientiously and at a high professional level in order to ensure the effective operation of government bodies;
b) proceed from the fact that the recognition, observance and protection of human and civil rights and freedoms determine the basic meaning and content of the activities of both government bodies and civil servants;
c) carry out their activities within the powers of the Ministry of the Russian Federation for Civil Defense, emergency situations and liquidation of consequences of natural disasters (hereinafter - EMERCOM of Russia);
d) not give preference to any professional or social groups and organizations, be independent from the influence of individual citizens, professional or social groups and organizations;
e) exclude actions related to the influence of any personal, property (financial) and other interests that interfere with the conscientious performance of their official duties;
f) maintain impartiality, excluding the possibility of influence on their official activities by decisions of political parties and public associations;
g) comply with the norms of official, professional ethics and rules of business conduct;
h) show correctness and attentiveness in dealing with citizens and officials;
i) show tolerance and respect for the customs and traditions of the peoples of Russia and other states, take into account the cultural and other characteristics of various ethnic, social groups and faiths, promote interethnic and interfaith harmony;
j) refrain from behavior that could raise doubts about the conscientious performance of official duties by a civil servant, as well as avoid conflict situations that could damage his reputation or the authority of the Russian Ministry of Emergency Situations;
k) take measures provided for by the legislation of the Russian Federation to prevent the emergence of a conflict of interest and resolve cases of conflict of interest that have arisen;
l) not use his official position to influence the activities of state bodies, local governments, organizations, officials, civil servants and citizens when resolving personal issues;
m) refrain from public statements, judgments and assessments regarding the activities of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia, the Minister of the Russian Federation for Civil Defense, Emergencies and Disaster Relief, if this is not part of the official duties of a civil servant;
o) comply with the rules of public speaking and provision of official information established by the Russian Ministry of Emergency Situations;
n) respect the activities of media representatives to inform the public about work government agency, as well as provide assistance in obtaining reliable information in the prescribed manner;
p) refrain in public speeches, including in the media, from indicating the value in foreign currency (conventional monetary units) on the territory of the Russian Federation of goods, works, services and other objects of civil rights, amounts of transactions between residents of the Russian Federation, budget indicators all levels budget system the Russian Federation, the amount of state and municipal borrowings, state and municipal debt, except for cases when this is necessary for the accurate transmission of information or is provided for by the legislation of the Russian Federation, international treaties of the Russian Federation, business customs;
c) strive constantly to ensure that the resources within his area of responsibility are managed as efficiently as possible.
In official conduct, a civil servant must proceed from the constitutional provisions that a person, his rights and freedoms are the highest value and every citizen has the right to privacy, personal and family secrets, protection of honor, dignity, and his good name.
Addition.
Basic concepts.
Moral(German) Sittlichkeit) is a term most often used in speech and literature as a synonym for morality, and sometimes for ethics. In a number of philosophical systems, the concept of morality is separated from morality, although such conceptualization is of the author's nature and does not always correspond to everyday usage. In this narrower sense, the concept of morality is used to designate a part or level of morality as a whole, while morality is most often meant. Thus, for Hegel, morality is the internal attitude of an individual to act according to his conscience and free will - in contrast to morality, which, along with the law, is an external requirement for the behavior of an individual, the internal or internalized side of morality, while the latter is considered as external in relation to the individual. Morality and morality are studied by a special philosophical discipline - ethics.
Ethics(Greek “character, custom”) - a philosophical study of morality and ethics. Initially, the meaning of the word ethos was a common home and the rules generated by a common dormitory, norms that unite society, overcoming individualism and aggressiveness. As society develops, this meaning is added to the study of conscience, compassion, friendship, the meaning of life, self-sacrifice, etc.
The term ethics is sometimes also used to designate a system of moral and moral norms of a certain social group.
Duty- this is a social necessity expressed in moral requirements for the individual. Fulfilling the requirements of duty, the individual acts as a bearer of certain moral duties to society, who is aware of them and implements them in his activities. In the category of debt, the obligatory incentive is strong. Duty not only clearly formulates the idea itself, but also gives it an imperative character: it calls, demands, insists on its implementation. To be a man of duty means not only to know its essence, its requirements, but also to follow these requirements in practice. The potential possibilities of official duty can only manifest themselves if they are complemented by a moral attitude towards it, when public duties are perceived and recognized as personal, as a deep need and conviction in the justice and righteousness of the cause that one serves.
Employee's official duty, being an integral part of public duty, is moral in its objective and subjective expression. The moral value of the objective content of debt is that it is subordinated to the solution of the highest and fairest task: protecting individual rights and freedoms, ensuring the security of the country, strengthening law and order.
Conclusion.
Based on the above, the dialectic of official and moral duty lies in the fact that the duty of an employee is an honorable and high duty, arising from the objective needs of protecting the individual, society and the state, consecrated by state legal requirements and internal moral beliefs. The coincidence of the dominant desire with duty is a kind of apotheosis of morality; duty is a requirement of society, a collective, desire is an attribute of the individual. It is important to realize that ultimately duty works to achieve the desired, and the desired, if understood correctly, leads to more successful performance of official duty.
References
1. Professional ethics of law enforcement officers: Tutorial/ Ed. G.V. Dubova and A.V. Opaleva. M., 1999
2. Order of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of the Russian Federation of July 7, 2011 N 354 “On approval of the Code of Ethics and Official Conduct of Civil Servants of the Ministry of the Russian Federation for Civil Defense, Emergencies and Disaster Relief”
4. Social studies “For students of technical universities” Edited by I.P. Ontanenko, 1997
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