Family parties are the best prevention of asociality. Diploma work social work with antisocial family. Types of dysfunctional families in modern society

Families of the risk group are characterized by the presence of some deviation from the norms, which do not allow them to be defined as prosperous, for example, an incomplete family, a low-income family, etc., and which reduces the adaptive abilities of these families. They cope with the tasks of raising a child with great effort, so the social teacher needs to monitor the state of the family, the existing maladaptive factors in it, track how much they are compensated by other positive characteristics, and, if necessary, offer timely assistance.

Dysfunctional families

A dysfunctional family is, first of all, a family where there are obvious defects in upbringing, a low social status in any of the spheres of life or in several at the same time, and they cannot cope with the functions assigned to them. Their adaptive abilities are significantly reduced, the process of family upbringing of a child proceeds with great difficulties, slowly, with little result. For this type of family, the active and usually long-term support of a social pedagogue is necessary.

Overt or covert emotional rejection. The child is not loved, it is constantly shown to him, on this account he has no illusions. The child reacts to this truth in different ways: he withdraws into the world of fantasies and dreams of a fabulous solution to his own problems, tries to arouse pity for himself, pleases his parents so that they finally love him, tries to draw attention to himself (sometimes by good study, sometimes hooliganism), hardens, takes revenge on his parents for contempt for him.

Another type of bad parenting is hyperprotection, or hyperprotection. It can be hidden and obvious (as well as hypoprotection, or hypoprotection). With hyper-custody, very often dust particles are blown off the child, they are kept in greenhouse conditions, they do not allow him to show elementary independence, they do not allow him to behave responsibly and decisively. Grandparents, parents strive to contribute to the isolation of the child from the prose of life.

From such schoolchildren, devoid of fighting qualities, capricious, fastidious, infantile men and women often grow up, unable to defend their worldly principles. Such people are prone to drunkenness, social passivity and other forms of behavior that do not decorate anyone. This is especially noticeable in males. They turn out to be lethargic, lazy, unadapted to life, unable to take responsibility, they must be turned to the family - it is in it that the origins of this socio-psychological ugliness.

Asocial families

An asocial family is a family in which the rights of the child are violated. The main criteria by which a family can be categorized as being in a socially dangerous situation:

1. Cruel treatment of a child that poses a danger to his life and health.

2. Systematic non-fulfillment of duties for the upbringing, education or maintenance of a minor.

3. The negative influence of parents on the child (alcohol consumption, immoral lifestyle and drug use).

4. Involving a child in the commission of illegal or antisocial actions(in the use of alcohol, drugs, begging, prostitution).

antisocial family. In such a family, parents "drowning" in their problems become unable to exercise their rights properly, in fact leaving their children to their fate. Statistics show that in recent years there has been an increase in the number of families that find themselves in a socially dangerous situation, among them families with many children are often found. This was influenced by objective factors, in particular, a low standard of living, "chronic" unemployment, alcohol abuse, and the use of narcotic substances. Having embarked on such a path, the family degrades socially and morally, dooming children to the same existence. It is not surprising that children leave home, spend most of their time on the street, thereby replenishing asocial groups.

Today there is a need to create a targeted program for the rehabilitation of a family in a socially dangerous situation. It is necessary to carry out consistent work with families from the "risk" group, to review the steps of their slow revival. However, it is worth remembering that a healthy microclimate in the family is the result of the work of all component structures, therefore, work to protect the rights of childhood in families in a difficult life situation and a socially dangerous life situation.

The social function of the family

In any state where the social protection of the individual is proclaimed, this can be solved only through the protection of the family. The family as the main social unit of society unites people, regulates the upbringing of the generation, the cognitive, labor activity of the individual.

The status of the family depends on the behavior of the father and mother, their role in raising children. Are the father and mother a model for children, their absence negatively affects the development of the child, such children are often flawed, nervous, anxious.

The family introduces the child into society, it is in the family that the child receives social education, becomes a person. In infancy, he is fed and cared for. AT preschool age(3-7 years old) the world is opened to him. They help in teaching the younger schoolchild, teenager and youth to choose the path of life.

In the family, they strengthen the health of children, develop their inclinations and abilities, take care of education, the development of the mind, the upbringing of a citizen, decide their fate and future.

Humane traits of character, kindness and cordiality of the child are laid in the family, he learns to be responsible for his actions. In the family, the child learns to work, chooses a profession, the young man prepares for an independent family life, learns to continue the traditions of his family.

It is impossible to draw an exact line between the types of families, if in a family in which there is love for the child, but is experiencing financial difficulties, it can be considered prosperous, since no material benefits can replace parental love for the child. A family in which there is prosperity, but there is no love for the child, cannot be considered prosperous, most likely it will be considered a family at risk or a problem family. Dysfunctional families arise from families at risk, and in the end this leads to the emergence of antisocial families. Thus, the family can degrade to the low state of its existence if it experiences indifference and lack of love in the family. Material opportunities are relegated to a secondary level.

Children brought up in families with wide material opportunities grow up unhappy as they lack parental love and care, compared to children brought up in families with material difficulties, but not deprived of parental love and care. They grow up happy and joyful, their social circle among peers is very wide, as communication skills are developed. They quickly find a way out of difficult situations, quickly adapt to a new team.

The greatest concern for the health, psychological state, development of the child is caused by his being in an asocial or immoral family. Parents from these families are mostly deprived of the rights to their children.

As already noted, asocial families are distinguished by alcohol abuse, a tendency to drug addiction, prostitution and other deviant activities. Immoral families are characterized by the use by its members of violent measures of influence in relation to close people. In real life, antisocial and immoral manifestations often combine, which aggravates the situation of the most defenseless members of such families. A number of studies have traced the relationship between physical violence and alcoholism and drug addiction. It is significant that among families in which incest is observed, 35% are families of alcoholics. Such parents have low self-esteem, they lose confidence in their parenting abilities, feel like failures. Fathers with a negative sense of self-esteem may be violent in rage, feeling rejected.

It should be noted that in public opinion, family troubles are associated primarily with asociality. Judging by the data of a sociological survey conducted by the All-Russian Public Opinion Research Center in June 2013, the main criterion by which Russians classify a particular family as dysfunctional is the drunkenness of parents (41% of respondents). Drug addiction in the family was named by 6% of respondents, 4% of respondents believed that the main manifestation of family trouble is an immoral lifestyle, and only 1% of respondents believed that family conflicts and quarrels were to blame.

The reasons for alcohol abuse can be different. Typical researchers include:

- family predisposition;
- personal characteristics;
- living conditions, etc.;

The most important factor in the emergence families of alcoholics is influence of the parent environment. Researchers believe that the addiction to alcohol may come from drinking parents or grandparents, among whom the child grew up. In his mind, images of a positive attitude towards drinking alcohol are fixed. For example, after dinner with alcohol, my father's mood improved, he became kinder. As a result, the maturing teenager developed the attitude that "drinking is good." And over time, alcohol addiction also appeared.

Contribute to addiction to alcoholic beverages can and features of a person's personal status. The following qualities can have alcohol: infantilism, dependence, mental instability, weakness of character. With the help of a bottle, people with such character traits often try to “relieve stress”, overcome problem situations at work, in the family.

Another factor contributing to the frequent use of alcohol is unfavorable living conditions. And this may be the lack of a comfortable apartment, a bachelor life after a divorce, low wages with an unloved job, inability to organize your free time, etc.

The above reasons increase the risks of a person's addiction to alcohol. However, they are by no means a priori. There are many cases when a child with an extremely negative attitude towards alcohol grew up in the family of an alcoholic. And in adulthood, he practically did not drink alcoholic beverages.

Researchers involved in the problems of asocial families identify certain types of families of alcoholics. The main ones are: families with a drinking father, families with a drinking mother and families with drinking both parents) Quantitatively, the first type prevails. Children in such families are either very afraid of their fathers, trying to please them, or, on the contrary, are rude, take revenge for insults by ridicule and neglect. Often these families break up. The child is in an even more difficult situation in the conditions of the second and third types of these families. Often, the children of a drinking mother develop an inferiority complex, they permanently experience a sense of shame, humiliation, and resentment. Obviously, in families where both parents drink, all these troubles are aggravated. Often, in such a situation, there is a threat to the health, and sometimes the life of the child. He develops distorted ideas about values and moral principles.

Social work with families of alcoholics is carried out by specialized social institutions designed to provide positive assistance in solving the problems of dysfunctional families. This

work includes certain stages. At the first stage diagnostics is carried out, which is aimed at identifying the causes of alcohol abuse. For this, psychological tests, conversations, and the study of the social biography of family members are used.

At the second stage social work is a correctional program. One of its most important directions is to strengthen the personal resource of a person prone to alcoholism. For this, psychological trainings, psychodrama and other methods can be used. In some cases, it is advisable to use the social and labor rehabilitation of an alcoholic. The next stage of work with a family where alcohol is abused, is summing up the intermediate result of the implementation of the correctional program. Then the specialist makes the necessary adjustments and the process of social support for the problem family continues until positive results are obtained.

Huge trials have to endure for a family whose member is experiencing drug addiction. His closest people suffer the most - parents, spouse, sisters, brothers, children. Many experts believe that the more painful their emotions in connection with this problem, the less adequate help will be from them. You cannot help an addict to stop taking drugs if you do not encourage him to carefully monitor his reactions, to try to decisively change himself and his lifestyle.

Social work with families of drug addicts involves professional counseling. It is important to convince the addict and his family that real help in solving their problem should be sought outside the circle of relatives, friends, neighbors, and acquaintances. It must come from persons specially trained for such work. In various regions of Russia, there are special programs for the prevention of drug addiction and assistance to drug addicts. Using their capabilities can be an effective help in solving the problems of families of drug addicts.

Ignoring the vital needs of the child, the use of violent measures in relation to him forms immoral character of the family. In modern Russia, there is still a significant scale of violence against children. Approximately 100,000 children and adolescents suffer from criminal encroachments every year. Moreover, the age of the affected children

decreases. Today, the victims of violence on average are teenagers who are no more than 12 years old. one

Violence in our country is the lot of not only asocial and financially disadvantaged families. According to a number of psychologists (S.A. Belicheva, E.V. Knyazhko, I.V. Vorobieva), among children who have suffered from domestic violence, 50% are from outwardly prosperous families. This is almost twice as high as from those families that lead an immoral lifestyle. In the latter, 36% of children were identified as victims of parental abuse.

According to the Institute of Sociology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 40% of violence in our country takes place in the family. In the first half of 2015 alone, 2,000 murders and 5,000 facts of serious intentional harm to health were recorded in Russian families.3 At the same time, people who have suffered in family conflicts do not often turn to law enforcement agencies. According to the right opinion of a number of analysts, the family space is becoming life-threatening for us, just like the street.

In recent years, there has been a tendency in our country to increase the number of registered crimes committed against minor children. From 2013 to 2015 their number increased by 10 thousand, amounting to 96.5 thousand people.

Domestic Violence is Diverse by object. This criterion can be divided into three types:

parental violence against children;
intermarital violence;
violence of children and grandchildren against parents, grandparents and other older relatives.

For many years, the first type of domestic violence has been the most common. At the turn of the XX-XXI centuries. In the Russian Federation, during family conflicts, parents committed violence against their children in 65% of cases, and children against their parents in 35% of cases.

With regard to inter-spousal violence, the victims in most cases are women. By the beginning of the 21st century, about 15,000 women died annually in our country at the hands of their husbands, and among the rapes, one in six were committed by their husbands. one

In contemporary Russia, 36,000 women are beaten in the family every day. About half of the beaten women were attacked while they were pregnant, breastfeeding, having

a small child or experienced physical, moral suffering, were in a state of helplessness.

assistance to the police, medical facilities or a lawyer.

A relatively “new” phenomenon in Russia has been the rise of domestic violence against husbands. According to some data, out of 100 cases of domestic violence, in about 40 cases the aggressor is a woman.

In the context of the weakening of traditional family values, a third type of family violence has become widespread. According to American researchers (Bartol et al.), on average, about 1 million older Americans (from 500,000 to 2.5 million) are annually abused by their caregivers.

Materials of studies conducted in the Russian Federation indicate that psychological violence is used against older family members more often than physical violence, accounting for 46 to 58 percent of cases of violence. Whereas beatings and other forms of physical violence against this category of family members are noted in 15-38 percent of cases.

As already noted, of the above types of family violence, the one directed against children predominates. Depending on the subjective expression of such violent actions they can be classified into different types. According to most researchers, the main ones are:

- psychological abuse;
- physical impact on children;
- sexual violence;
- neglect of the needs of the child.

Some authors (M. Rotter et al.) view psychological abuse in an overly broad way, including many aspects and manifestations associated with the neglect of the interests of children. However, the four-tier typology of child domestic violence is still more common.

Data from Russian emergency psychological services for children and adolescents (helplines) show that the most common form of domestic violence is psychological. 1 This is also confirmed by the materials of various sociological studies. A few years ago, scientists from the Murmansk State Pedagogical University, together with specialists from the regional crisis center for women "Shelter", conducted a sociological survey to identify public opinion about the problems of domestic violence. Then 239 people were interviewed. Cases of ill-treatment known to the respondents were carried out in the following forms: psychological violence (threats, insults, prohibitions, etc.) - 66%, physical violence (beating, bullying with the use of force, etc.) - 62%, sexual violence - 25% %. Consequently, the most massive form of domestic violence is psychological.

Psychological or emotional abuse is expressed in frequent humiliation, insults, threats, ridicule against the child. In this case, the conversation with him is carried out in raised tones, threats of his physical violence are heard, humiliating nicknames are assigned.

Modern researchers also refer to the manifestations of psychological violence the deliberate isolation of the child, presenting

excessive demands placed on him that do not correspond to his age and abilities. 1 Even frequent, almost constant criticism of a child may well be seen as the initial form of emotional abuse.

Psychological violence has an extremely negative effect on the mental development of the child, his mood and general well-being. It is possible to single out certain personal and behavioral characteristics of a child who has been subjected to emotional abuse. Among them, experts include: infantilism, indecision, fearfulness of the child; low self-esteem; his anxiety, sleep disturbance, nervous tics; compliance of the child, a tendency to solitude or, on the contrary, the manifestation of aggressiveness towards peers, adults, etc.

The next most common form of family violence against a child is physical abuse resulting in bodily injuries or their risks. For physical violence the non-random nature of such an impact is characteristic. It can be carried out in the form of beating, torture, shaking, blows, slaps, cauterization with hot objects, liquids, lit cigarettes, etc. On the pages " Russian newspaper” cited one of the egregious facts of physical torture by the mother of her child. The girl ended up in the Altufievsky reception center in Moscow, where the most difficult children in their fate end up and sometimes spend six months. She had cigarette burns on her cheek. She said that it was her mother who brought her lover, they drank well, and then they took turns extinguishing cigarettes on her cheeks.

Physical abuse against children also includes such cases when a child without warm clothes is driven out into the cold, kept in a cold basement, locked up for a long time (in the bathroom, on the balcony, etc.), deprived of water and food. This type of violence can also include a gross violation of the child's life, including sleep deprivation.

Motivation for physical abuse may be different. As the leading reasons for this impact on children, experts name the following three:

- child's personality(the presence of an incurable disease, disability, mental retardation, impaired mental and physical development, prematurity of children, discrepancy between the child's personality and the expectations of parents, hyperactivity, impulsivity, aggressiveness, deviant behavior of the child, etc.);
- personal characteristics of parents(them elevated level anxiety, high impulsivity, rigidity in behavior, relationships, low level of control over one's own actions and deeds, recognition of the need to use a system of physical punishment in the process of education, low level of self-esteem and education, experience of cruel treatment of oneself in childhood, etc.);
- difficult psychological atmosphere in the family(family members' lack of ability to adequately express their feelings and emotions, disrespect and distrust towards each other, planting house-building principles in family life, etc.) 1

In many countries of the world, including the Russian Federation, the physical impact on their children in the form of punishment remains a fairly common practice. For some parents, it seems acceptable and justified to punish a child by slapping the “soft spot”, using cuffs, pokes, belt blows.

Sociological studies of the attitude of adults to the use of various types of violence against children, conducted by domestic and foreign scientists and practitioners, made it possible to establish that 60% of the respondents - parents surveyed believed that physical punishment is a necessary and effective means of controlling children's behavior. "According to the survey 120 parents with children aged 3-7 years, conducted by V. V. Solodnikov and N. I. Simonenko at the turn of the XX-XXI centuries in the Ryazan region, only 6% of male respondents and 15% of female respondents condemned themselves for using physical All the interviewed women and 86% of the men believed that physical punishment is indispensable in the upbringing of preschool children.

In order to prevent physical impact on their children by part of the parents, social workers, social educators, and psychologists are called upon to convince them not to allow such practices. It is important for them to offer other forms of punishment of children, alternative to physical violence (being in the corner, a temporary ban on watching cartoons, visiting children's attractions, etc.)

Parents need to be aware that due to the physical impact on the child, he may experience persistent neurotic manifestations (sleep disturbance, blinking of the eyes, enuresis, etc.). In addition, physical violence often does not give the expected result. If, for example, a child’s behavioral disorder is due to hyperactivity, then physical impact on him can only exacerbate the problem.

Often, parents, especially young ones, simply do not know that years will pass, and they will reproach themselves, and in some cases, pay for hitting the “soft spot” of their children with a belt. After all, the consequence of such upbringing may be in the future a misunderstanding between them and their grown-up children, the lack of a trusting relationship. Moreover, a child who has been subjected to physical punishment often uses this experience in relation to his children in adulthood. And logically, everything here fits into the installation: “I was brought up this way, so I can do it.”

It should be noted that in some countries (Japan) and among certain peoples of our country (the mountaineers of the Caucasus) there are prohibitions on the use of physical violence against children. They have been formed over many centuries and are a stable tradition. For example, the highlanders were well aware that by humiliating the dignity of a child, it is impossible to grow a courageous, honest, self-confident person out of him. It is no coincidence that psychologists today confirm that a child who has been physically abused may develop ingratiating behavior, excessive compliance, a tendency to lie, cruelty, a feeling of loneliness, etc. Parents who are prone to physical punishment of children need to know this.

One of the most shameful forms of child abuse is sexual. It means the involvement of an adult child in sexual activities. Sexual violent behavior, along with rape, includes such actions as demonstration of the genitals (exhibitionism), obscene insults and remarks, palpation of body parts, sexual intercourse in the presence of a child, forced prostitution, showing a child pornographic films, and more. Consequently, sexual abuse of a child in the family can manifest itself not only in the form of sexual intercourse, but also in the form of depraved acts against him.

The scale of child sexual abuse is significant. According to the Center for Social and Forensic Psychiatry. Serbsky, the internal affairs bodies of our country annually register 7-8 thousand cases of sexual abuse of children. In 2012, 8800 such cases were registered in the Russian Federation. 1 In real life, this number is higher. After all, such facts are not always known. law enforcement.

More underestimated data on the number of children recognized in the Russian Federation as victims of sexual acts are provided by Rosstat. This is due to differences in the calculations. The data of the Ministry of Internal Affairs include all persons in respect of whom they applied to the department, and Rosstat probably records only those of them against whom an official recognition decision was made. In 2013, Rosstat counted about 1,000 children across the country who were recognized as victims of sexual acts. In 2014, there were already 2.4 thousand of them, and in 2015 the number of such children increased to 3.7 thousand. “Even the somewhat underestimated statistics of the statistical office indicate a trend towards a significant increase in the number of sexual victims among Russian children.

Some research on child sexual abuse found that one in four girls and one in eight boys were sexually abused before the age of 18, and children with disabilities are 2 to 10 times more likely to be sexually abused than normal children. The most frequent (modal) age of victims of sexual violence among children is 8-12 years.

In the vast majority of cases of violence against children, they are committed by people they know and are close to. According to various sources, from 75 to 90 percent of all cases of violence against children are carried out by persons known to them. In 35-45 percent of cases, the perpetrator is a relative (father, brother, stepfather, father-in-law, grandfather, etc.), and in 30-45 percent - an acquaintance (neighbor, family friend, etc.)

Sad statistics show that sexual crimes are more often committed in single-parent families, as well as in families created after a second marriage. According to data given in one of the publications of the Russian Justice magazine, nine percent of the total number of such acts were at the turn of the 20th-21st centuries. committed in complete families, 23% - in single-parent families and 68% - in families where the mother or father was replaced by a stepfather or stepmother. 1 It is the last category of families that has the highest risk of sexual abuse of a child (children).

In adulthood, the consequences of sexual violence can appear in the form of psychosomatic illnesses, various abuses (drugs, alcohol, drugs), various disorders associated with rejection of one's body. "Such individuals sometimes have violations in sexual relations. In addition, specialists It is believed that a certain part of people who have been sexually abused in childhood are characterized by a tendency to aggression.They sometimes in their families show violent actions of various types (psychological, physical, etc.)

The reaction of children who have been sexually abused depends largely on age, developmental level, the nature of the abuse, their relationship to the abuser, and other factors. In order to identify cases of sexual violence by social workers, specialized centers, it is necessary to know behavioral manifestations, which may indicate this or arouse suspicion on this account. These include: the regressive state of the child (return to former tearfulness, to overcoming fears with a return, etc.); escape from home; knowledge about sex inappropriate for the age of the child; seductive behavior with adults of the opposite sex; excessive isolation or aggressiveness, hysteria; suicidal thoughts and attempts; addiction to alcohol, drugs, etc.

To provide assistance to victims of domestic violence, there are specialized services - crisis centers. In recent years, significant experience of their work has been accumulated in St. Petersburg, the Orenburg region, in the Khanta-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug. In Rostov-on-Don, there is a crisis center "Athena", where specialists provide support not only to adolescent victims of violence, but also to women who need help and temporary shelter.

Social work with child victims of sexual abuse has its own specifics. According to psychologists, its most difficult and responsible stage is questioning the child. It includes five main stages:

1. Establishment of emotional contact and trusting relationship with the child. It is advisable to start the conversation with topics that are safe for him, for example, with the psychologist's story about himself and his role.
2. Evaluation of the development of the child, the level of his psychological maturity, including the ability to understand the event.
3. Getting the necessary information. If it is not possible to call the child to frankness, then he should be asked specific questions about what happened. The conversation begins with open-ended general questions, followed by targeted questions about the violence (time and circumstances, nature of the violence, the person who committed it). Multiple-choice, direct, and suggestive questions can be asked if all other avenues for obtaining information from the child are ineffective.
4. End the conversation. At the end of it, it is necessary to express gratitude to the child for cooperation, regardless of how fruitful the conversation was. In addition, it is necessary to calm the child if he is agitated, to strengthen confidence in his security.
5. Analysis of the received information. It is important to consider information obtained from various sources. To do this, it is necessary to obtain information about the child's family, including information about the relationship of parents to each other, relatives with the child, about the daily routine, the interests and hobbies of the child, about his relationship with peers ... and others. This information can help complete the child's story and see what happened in a larger context.

Neglect for the needs of children, being a type of family violence, poses a serious threat to the life of the child, his normal socialization. This attitude towards the child is manifested in the failure of parents or persons replacing him to fulfill the duties of caring for him, protecting him and looking after him, providing the child with food, clothing, housing, necessary medical needs, access to primary and general education.

The shameful practice of transferring it to third parties can also be attributed to the varieties of neglect of the needs of the child. There are cases when “parents”, in order to receive a monetary reward, transfer their child for prostitution, for complicity in fraud, theft, or even try to sell. Several years ago, the press reported on an attempt by a woman from the city of Rostov-on-Don (repeatedly convicted) to sell her six-year-old daughter. This woman estimated her child at 4 million rubles. Immediately after the transfer of money by the operatives, she was detained, and the child was transferred under the protection of guardianship authorities. one

Lack of parental care for a child may be unintentional. He is sometimes motivated by their illness, excessive poverty, inexperience. The lack of due attention on the part of parents to providing the child with everything necessary may be the result of social upheavals, for example, civil wars, natural disasters (flood, earthquake, etc.) Of course, this is a different situation. The forced restriction of the child to provide him with food, clothing, housing is often temporary.

Social workers who are professionally called upon to help children whose needs are neglected must be able to identify such families in a timely manner. Among the features of the child's mental state and behavior, which make it possible to suspect a neglectful attitude towards him, experts will single out: constant hunger or thirst; stealing food; the desire by any means, up to causing self-harm, to attract the attention of adults; demand for affection and attention; depressed mood, state of apathy; passivity or, conversely, aggressiveness and impulsiveness; delinquent (antisocial) behavior up to vandalism; inability to communicate with people, make friends; indiscriminate friendliness; regressive behavior; learning difficulties, poor performance, lack of knowledge; low self-esteem.

Preventive work plays an important role in solving the problems of domestic violence. The most vulnerable target group here are children and adolescents. Taking into account the developments on this problem, some authors can distinguish three levels of action to prevent family violence. First level is focused on the prevention of violent acts by forming a non-aggressive model of behavior in ordinary families. For this, methods such as psychological trainings, role-playing games can be used, aimed at increasing the level of self-esteem, the psychological stability of a child, a teenager. Second level prevention is aimed at preventive work in disadvantaged families and families of social risk. It provides for measures to identify children who experience abuse from loved ones and relatives. Third level prevention can only conditionally be called precautionary. It essentially has a correctional and rehabilitation orientation, being aimed not only at stopping violent actions, but also at carrying out rehabilitation measures for a child who has experienced violence. In this case, social work may include correctional, psychotherapeutic methods and medical and social means.

Activities to prevent and overcome the negative consequences of family violence against children achieve the desired effect when ensuring the coordinated work of specialists (social educators, educational psychologists, etc.) with kindergarten teachers, school teachers. At the turn of the XX-XXI centuries. in the Russian Federation, only 7% of cases of child abuse became known to law enforcement agencies. At the same time, teachers and kindergarten teachers were 8-10 times more aware of such facts than employees of the juvenile inspectorate (crime prevention departments). one

Thus, the preservation of a significant number of children in a socially dangerous situation is one of the most important social problems. In modern Russia, more than 2/3 of juvenile delinquents are brought up in dysfunctional families, where quarrels, scandals, mutual insults, drunkenness, and debauchery are the “norm”. Understanding the specifics of the problems of conflict, pedagogically inept, asocial and immoral families, as well as an analysis of possible negative consequences for the fate of children living in these families, create the necessary theoretical basis for developing effective measures to prevent and overcome family troubles.

The family as a social institution. A dysfunctional family as an object of social work. Stupakova L. V., Ilyinsky V. V., Masanova M. D.. Kindergarten No. 43 of the combined type St. Petersburg, Russia

Annotation: The family is responsible for the livelihoods of its members, especially children, youth, the elderly, people with disabilities. With the change of society, the social policy towards the family is changing, the forms, methods and technologies of working with the family are also changing. The family is one of the main objects of social work.

Keywords: family, children, socialization, marriage, nuclear family

The family is a social institution for the reproduction and development of socio-cultural status, spiritual and physical values, social health and well-being of individuals and the whole society; a self-regulating system with relatively stable models of behavior and relationships with the environment, communication patterns, processes, structure; the most important object of social work.

A family is a community of people based on a single family-wide activity, connected with the bonds of matrimony - parenthood - kinship, and thereby carrying out the reproduction of the population and the continuity of family generations, as well as the socialization of children and the maintenance of the existence of family members.

As a social system, the family has the features of a social institution and at the same time a small social group. The features of the family as a social institution are contained in social norms, sanctions, patterns of behavior that regulate relationships between spouses, parents, children and other relatives. As a small group based on marriage or consanguinity, it is characterized by the common life of all family members, mutual moral responsibility and mutual assistance.

The family is a stable form of relationships between people, within which the main part of the daily life of people is carried out. Being the main institution for the development of the personality and socialization of children, the family is affected by both positive and negative processes taking place in society.

In the family, basic human needs are realized: salvation from loneliness, a home that gives a person peace, joy and peace. Finally, the family is a social pillar, without which it is difficult to do in our time.

Depending on the atmosphere family relations With Families are usually divided into harmonious and disharmonious families.(in them the spouses have different problems).

By type of family are divided into nuclear and extended. These two types are considered the main ones and include a number of subtypes. Nuclear families consist only of spouses with or without children (subtype - complete nuclear families) or single mothers or fathers with children (subtype - incomplete nuclear families). The phrase "nuclear family" (from English - nuclear family) is derived from the Latin word nucleus ("core"). The family nucleus is considered to be a married couple with or without children (full family nucleus) or a single mother (father) with children (incomplete family nucleus). A complete nuclear family consists only of a complete family nucleus, an incomplete nuclear family consists only of an incomplete family nucleus.

In extended families, in addition to members of the family core, there are also other relatives - most often the parents of one of the spouses in complete families or a single mother [father] in single-parent families. The presence of children from previous marriages does not turn stepfamilies into extended families if there are no other older or lateral relatives in their composition.

Married couples with or without children who live without relatives are complete nuclear families, and those living with at least one relative are complete extended families. Single parents with children in whose families there are no other relatives are incomplete nuclear families. If a single mother or father lives not only with children, but also with at least one of the parents and (or) relatives, then they form extended single-parent families.

The most important characteristic of a family is its structure.. The family structure is understood as a system of relationships, kinship, as well as a set of spiritual, moral, psychological relations within family settings, relations of power and authority in the family.

The following components are taken into account in the family structure:

the number of family members, their family ties, the nature of the relationship; relationship boundaries; relationships between family members and families as a system with other members of the "big" family (grandparents, cousins, etc.);
relationships between the family as a system and closest friends;
environment: it is understood as the situation of residence, sociological status, the influence of the reference group of the “large” family, the strengths and weaknesses of this influence on the family;
the functioning of the family: it includes the role activities of its members - a set of attitudes, norms and behaviors that characterize some family members in their relations with other members (in the nuclear model of the family, the main family roles are the roles of husband and wife, father and mother, children, brothers, sisters; in the model of a “large” family, the roles of grandparents, father-in-law and mother-in-law, father-in-law and mother-in-law, son-in-law and daughter-in-law, etc. are added.
the role significance of family members (housekeeping - who? taking care of children - who?) is taken into account when working with the family as an object of influence.

Family structure is also divided into:

by the number of children: childless, one-child, small children, large families;
by generation: one-generation, two-generation, intergeneration;
completeness: complete, incomplete.

Family Functions

As a social education the family performs certain functions, which reflect both the social needs in her life, and the individual needs of members of the family group. The main function of the family is the primary (or basic) socialization of the child, its formation and development.

In the life of the family, the functions of the family are distinguished to meet certain needs of its members. These are functions such as:

primary social control, which is expressed in ensuring the implementation of social norms of behavior by all family members, primarily by those who, depending on a number of reasons (age, disease, etc.), are not able to fulfill them independently;
socializing consists in satisfying individual needs in fatherhood and motherhood, upbringing, self-realization in children. The family ensures the socialization of the younger generation;
social and household function is to meet the material needs in maintaining the health of its members. In the course of performing this function, the restoration of the forces expended in the labor process is ensured;
the socio-emotional function is to satisfy the needs of family members for sympathy, respect, support, psychological protection;
sociocultural function is to meet the needs for joint leisure activities, mutual spiritual enrichment. Promotes the cultural, spiritual, and moral development of the individual;
the sexual-erotic function consists in satisfying the sexual-erotic needs of the spouses and ensuring biological reproduction.

Over time, changes occur in family functioning: some functions are lost, others change in accordance with new social conditions. It depends on the socio-economic and cultural development of the country. The family is responsible for the natural habitat of its members, especially children, youth, the elderly with disabilities.

The family is the object of social work

The family is that form of a community of people in which a man and a woman united by marriage, their children and relatives, are connected by consanguinity. Society is changing, the family is changing, and family policy and work with the family is being improved. The family is one of the main objects of social work.

The modern family is going through a difficult stage in evolution - the transition from a traditional model to a new one. Many scientists characterize the current conditions of the family as a crisis, which led to a drop in the birth rate, an increase in the number of divorces and an increase in the number of single people. The average family size is 3.2 in the city and 3.3 in the village. The number of childless and youth families is growing.

Due to the decrease in the age of marriage, as well as the separation of young families from their parents, incomplete families are being formed. There is an increase in the proportion of families with one parent, both because of divorces and the fashion for civil marriages. The birth of children by a single mother leads to the growth of incomplete families.

The family develops along with society. The social problems of the family are interrelated with the problems of society. Since the family performs important social functions, the state, government, public organizations and society as a whole are interested in creating the necessary conditions for the life of the family. This is the aim of social work to strengthen the family, to increase its educational potential, to fulfill its demographic and social function.

Among the social problems of the family, the following can be distinguished:

problems of the financial situation and well-being of the family;
deterioration in the health of the population due to poor ecology, deterioration in the quality of food;
alcohol and drug abuse;
abuse of children and other family members;
antisocial lifestyle, delinquency and scandals;
social orphanhood as a consequence of trouble families.

It should be noted that the objective social reason for the deterioration of family relations, the increase in the number of dysfunctional families are the shortcomings of social services, the low level of social services, and the underdevelopment of social work with families.

Social work with a dysfunctional family

Dysfunctional families are families with a low social status, in any of the spheres of life or in several at the same time, unable to cope with the functions assigned to them, their adaptive abilities are significantly reduced, the process of family upbringing of a child proceeds with great difficulties, slowly, ineffectively.

Taking into account the dominant factors that have a negative impact on the development of the child's personality, dysfunctional families are conventionally divided into two large groups. One group of disadvantaged families make up families outwardly respectable, whose lifestyle does not cause concern and criticism from the public. But the value attitudes and behavior of parents sharply diverge from universal moral norms, which cannot but affect the moral character of children brought up in such families. A distinctive feature of these families is that the relationships of their members at the external, social level make a favorable impression, and the consequences of improper upbringing are invisible at first glance, which sometimes misleads others, however, they have a destructive effect on the personal formation of children. These families belong to the category of internally dysfunctional families (with a hidden form of trouble).

The second group consists of families with an open form of trouble. A feature of such families is that they have a pronounced character, manifested simultaneously in several spheres of life (for example, at the social and material level), or exclusively at the level of interpersonal relationships, which leads to an unfavorable psychological climate.

Usually, in a dysfunctional family, a child experiences physical and emotional rejection on the part of parents (insufficient care for him, improper care and nutrition, various forms of domestic violence, ignoring his spiritual world, experiences). As a result of these unfavorable intra-family factors, the child develops a feeling of inadequacy, shame for himself and his parents in front of others, fear and pain for his present and future.

It is possible to highlight some types of families with an open form of trouble:

socially incompetent - with a low level of general and lack of a culture of socialization; are characterized not only by mistakes and defects in the upbringing of children, but also by an unwillingness to change and correct anything in the content and methods of upbringing. Such a family consciously or unwittingly sets the child to disobey social norms and requirements, to confront the world; these are families with low social status;
asocial - in them, children from an early age are in an environment of disregard for generally accepted social and moral norms, they perceive the skills of deviant and illegal behavior.

Among families with an open form of trouble, those in which one or more members are dependent on the use of psychoactive substances, primarily alcohol and drugs, are common. A person suffering from alcoholism and drug addiction involves all close people in his illness. It is no coincidence that specialists began to pay attention not only to the patient himself, but also to his family, thereby recognizing that addiction to alcohol and drugs is a family disease, a family problem.

One of the unfavorable factors that destroy not only the family, but also the mental balance of the child is the alcoholism of the parents; families with alcohol addiction become socially and psychologically disadvantaged. The life of children in such a family atmosphere becomes unbearable, turns them into social orphans with living parents.

Codependency arises in response to a protracted stressful situation in the family and leads to suffering for all members of the family group. Children are especially vulnerable in this regard. The lack of the necessary life experience, a fragile psyche - all this leads to the disharmony reigning in the house, quarrels and scandals, unpredictability and lack of security, as well as the alienated behavior of parents, deeply traumatize the child's soul, and the consequences of this moral and psychological trauma often impose a deep imprint for the rest of your life.

Features of the process of growing up of children from "alcoholic" families is not only in the socio-economic disadvantage, but also in the fact that:

children grow up with the belief that the world is not safe place and people cannot be trusted;
children are forced to hide their true feelings and experiences in order to be accepted by adults; they are not aware of their feelings, they do not know what their cause is and what to do with it, but it is in accordance with them that they build their lives, relationships with other people, with alcohol and drugs. Children carry their emotional wounds and experiences into adulthood, often becoming chemically addicted. And the same problems reappear that were in the house of their drinking parents;
children feel emotionally rejected by adults when they make mistakes due to indiscretion, when they do not meet the expectations of adults, when they openly show their feelings and state their needs;
children, especially older ones in the family, are forced to take responsibility for the behavior of their parents;
parents may not perceive the child as a separate being with its own value, they believe that the child should feel, look and do the same as they do;
Parental self-esteem may depend on the child. Parents can treat him as an equal, not giving him the opportunity to be a child.

A family with alcohol-dependent parents is dangerous due to its desocializing influence not only on their own children, but also the spread of a destructive impact on the personal development of children from other families. As a rule, around such houses there are whole companies of neighboring guys. Thanks to adults, they are introduced to alcohol and the criminal and immoral subculture that reigns in the environment. drinking people.

conflict family

A conflict family is the most common type (up to 60% of all dysfunctional families), with a predominance of a confrontational style of relationship. It is necessary to distinguish between such concepts as “family conflicts” and “conflict families”, since a conflict in a family, albeit quite stormy, does not mean that it is a conflict family, does not always indicate its instability.

Conflict families are also those in which there are constantly areas where the interests, intentions, desires of all or several family members (spouses, children, other relatives living together) collide, giving rise to strong and prolonged negative emotional states, the ongoing hostility of the spouses to each other. As a result, conflict is formed as a chronic condition of such a family.

Regardless of whether the conflict family is noisy, scandalous, where raised voices, irritability become the norm of relations between spouses, or quiet, where marital relations are marked by complete alienation, the desire to avoid any interaction, it negatively affects the formation of the child's personality and can cause various asocial manifestations in the form of deviant behavior.

In conflict families, kindness, mercy, endurance, and support are often absent. A characteristic feature of conflict families is also a violation of communication between its members. As a rule, an inability to communicate is hidden behind a protracted, unresolved conflict or quarrel. In such families, they almost never say “we”, preferring to say only “I”, which indicates disunity, isolation, their emotional excitability.

Among dysfunctional families, a large group is made up of families with violations of parent-child relationships. In them, the influence on children is manifested not directly through patterns of immoral behavior of parents, as is the case in "alcoholic" families, but indirectly, due to chronic complicated, actually unhealthy relationships between spouses, which are characterized by a lack of mutual understanding and mutual respect, an increase in emotional alienation and a predominance of conflict interaction. .

Children in such families receive adverse life experiences. Negative images of childhood determine the thinking, feelings and actions of children. Therefore, parents who do not know how to find mutual understanding with each other must always remember that even with an unsuccessful marriage, children should not be drawn into family conflicts.

A peculiar indicator of family well-being or trouble is the behavior of the child. The roots of trouble in the behavior of children are easy to see if children grow up in families that are clearly dysfunctional. It is much more difficult to do this in relation to those "difficult" children and adolescents who were brought up in families that are quite prosperous. And only close attention to the analysis of the family atmosphere in which the life of a child who fell into the "risk group" passed, allows us to find out that well-being was relative.

Outwardly regulated relationships in families are often a kind of cover for the emotional alienation that reigns in them, both at the level of marital and parent-child relationships. Such a relationship between parents can be transferred to the sphere of parent-child relations, which cannot but affect the formation of the child's personality. He learns not so much to feel, but to “play with feelings”, and focusing exclusively on the positive side of their manifestation, while remaining emotionally cold and aloof.

In various types of dysfunctional families, rivalry is observed in the form of the desire of two or more family members to secure a dominant position in the house. At first glance, this is the primacy in decision-making: financial, economic, pedagogical (concerning the upbringing of children), organizational, etc. A child in such a family grows up with the absence of a traditional division of roles in the family, it is normal for him to find out who is in the “family chief" at every opportunity. The child is formed the opinion that conflicts are the norm.

Imaginary cooperation This is a form of family dysfunction. Although at the external, social level, it is “covered” by apparent harmonious relations spouses and other family members. Imaginary cooperation can also clearly manifest itself in a situation where, on the contrary, one of the family members (more often the wife), after a long period of doing only household chores, decides to get involved in professional activities. A career requires a lot of effort and time, therefore, naturally, household chores that only the wife did, have to be redistributed among other family members, for which they are not ready.

In such a family, the child develops an attitude to cooperate with members of his family, to find a compromise. On the contrary, he believes that each should support the other, as long as it does not run counter to his personal interests.

Isolation is a relatively easy version of a dysfunctional family. It manifests the psychological isolation of one person in the family from others. In the upbringing of their children, one of the family members does not take a direct part, is not interested in the opinion of the child on certain issues, does not involve in the discussion of important family problems, is not interested in his well-being. Attention to the child is limited to feeding and clothing.

A variant of mutual isolation of two or more family members is possible. Remaining spouses purely formally, both rather depart than spend time at home. The family rests either on the need to raise children, or out of prestige, financial and other similar considerations. In such a family, the child observes a situation of emotional, psychological, and sometimes even physical isolation of family members. Such a child does not have a sense of attachment to the family, he does not know what it is to feel for another family member, if he is old or sick.

The influence of the family on the development of the child

Various types of dysfunctional families and the prevailing styles of relationships, the family atmosphere has an impact on the formation of the personality of a preschooler, his interaction with others.

The family atmosphere influences the development of the child's personality. Success-oriented families give children enough attention and give them importance. The whole range of family relationships unfolds in the space between the age and individual characteristics of children and the expectations placed on them by their parents, which, ultimately, form the child's attitude towards himself and his environment.

In an atmosphere of unhealthy family relationships, children are deprived of warmth and attention. In such families, relations of pseudo-reciprocity and pseudo-hostility develop. This hinders the personal and psychological development of the child. Pseudo-reciprocal families encourage the expression of only warm, loving, supportive feelings, and hostility, anger, irritation and other negative feelings are hidden and suppressed in every possible way. In pseudo-hostile families, on the contrary, it is customary to express only hostile feelings, and reject tender ones.

A person acquires value for society only when he becomes a personality, and its formation requires a purposeful, systematic impact. It is the family with its constant and natural nature of influence that is called upon to form the character traits, beliefs, views, worldview of the child, preparing him for life in society.

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Participant of the I International Scientific and Methodological "Social Services for the Population: Traditions and Innovations". Working section: Social practices, technologies and methods in working with families and children.

The family as a social institution. Dysfunctional family.

Keywords

AGGRESSION / AGGRESSION / ASOCIAL BEHAVIOR/ ASOCIAL BEHAVIOR / delinquency/DELINQUENCY/ NEUROTIC EXTRAVERSION/ NEUROTIC EXTRAVERSION / PRINCIPLE OF AGGREGATION/ PRINCIPLE OF AGGREGATION / FAMILY / SOCIALIZATION / SOCIALIZATION / SOCIAL SETTINGS/SOCIAL ATTITUDES/ PLANNED BEHAVIOR/ PLANNED BEHAVIOR

annotation scientific article on sociological sciences, author of scientific work - Rean Artur Aleksandrovich

The issues of the relationship between social attitudes and antisocial behavior children and teenagers. The question of the relationship between attitude and social behavior is analyzed in connection with such factors as strength / weakness, clarity / ambivalence of attitude, as well as the influence of the situation factor. The results of empirical studies of value orientations, moral and psychological attitudes of young people in samples of high school students and students are considered. The family is considered as a factor that simultaneously determines both the formation of social attitudes and the very antisocial behavior. Modern approaches and results of empirical studies of the conditions under which social attitudes personalities directly affect antisocial behavior, and for which it is not. The issues of influence on antisocial behavior children and adolescents structural and psychological deformation of the family. It is emphasized that in terms of determination antisocial behavior juvenile priority belongs to the psychosocial deformation of the family. It is shown what styles of parenting and under what conditions directly influence the formation of aggressive behavior. It is noted that insufficient supervision of the child is a more important factor delinquency than an unfavorable socio-economic situation. The results of empirical studies are analyzed, from which it follows that an important condition for the development of socially deviant behavior is not only negative social learning, but also frustration that occurs in the absence of parental love. It is shown that the central place in the system of relations between children and adolescents belongs to the mother. It has been established that a decrease in a positive attitude towards the mother, an increase in negative descriptors when describing the mother, correlates with a general increase in the negativeization of all social relations of the individual. It is emphasized that the relationship between parents and the child, characterized by inconsistency, as well as high conflict, most significantly contribute to the child's teaching of aggression as a way to resolve interpersonal conflicts.

Family, Social Attitudes and Anti-Social Behavior of children and Teenagers

This article examines problems of the interrelation of social attitudes and anti-social behavior of children and teenagers. The author analyzes the problem of the interrelation of attitudes and social behavior in connection with factors such as strength/weakness, clearness/ambivalence of an attitude, and also the influence of the factor of a situation. Results of empirical studies of value orientations, moral-psychological attitudes of youth in samples of senior pupils and students are considered. A family is considered as a factor which forms both social attitudes and anti-social behavior. The author analyzes modern approaches and results of empirical studies of the conditions under which social attitudes of personality directly influence anti-social behavior and also when they do not influence. Problems of the influence of the structural and psychological deformation of a family on the anti-social behavior of children and teenagers are discussed. The author emphasizes that when determining anti-social behavior of minors the priority belongs to the psychosocial deformation of a family. The author demonstrates styles of parenting and conditions which directly influence the formation of aggressive behavior. It is noted that insufficient attention to a child is a more important factor of delinquency than the unfavorable socio-economic status. The author analyzes the results of empirical studies from which it follows that not only negative social learning, but also frustration arising from the lack of parental love are an important condition of the development of deviant behavior. It is shown that mother is in the center of the system of relations of children and teenagers. It is established that decrease in a positive attitude towards mother, increase in negative descriptors when describing mother correlates with the general growth of negativization of all the social relations of the person. The author emphasizes that the parent-child relationship which is characterized by inconsistency, as well as a high conflictness, contribute most significantly to the child's learning of aggression as a way of interpersonal conflicts resolution.

The text of the scientific work on the topic "Family, social attitudes and antisocial behavior of children and adolescents"

UDC 159.99

FAMILY, SOCIAL ATTITUDES AND ASOCIAL BEHAVIOR OF CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS

Rean Artur Alexandrovich

The issues of the relationship between social attitudes and antisocial behavior of children and adolescents are considered. The question of the relationship between attitude and social behavior is analyzed in connection with such factors as strength / weakness, clarity / ambivalence of attitude, as well as the influence of the situation factor. The results of empirical studies of value orientations, moral and psychological attitudes of young people in samples of high school students and students are considered. The family is considered as a factor that simultaneously determines both the formation of social attitudes and the most antisocial behavior. Modern approaches and results of empirical studies of the conditions under which a person's social attitudes directly affect antisocial behavior and under which they do not are analyzed. The questions of the impact on the antisocial behavior of children and adolescents of the structural and psychological deformation of the family are discussed. It is emphasized that in terms of determining the asocial behavior of minors, priority belongs to the psychosocial deformation of the family. It is shown what styles of parenting and under what conditions directly influence the formation of aggressive behavior. It is noted that insufficient supervision of a child is a more important factor of delinquency than an unfavorable socio-economic situation. The results of empirical studies are analyzed, from which it follows that an important condition for the development of socially deviant behavior is not only negative social learning, but also frustration that occurs in the absence of parental love. It is shown that the central place in the system of relations between children and adolescents belongs to the mother. It has been established that a decrease in a positive attitude towards the mother, an increase in negative descriptors when describing the mother, correlates with a general increase in the negativeization of all social relations of the individual. It is emphasized that the relationship between parents and the child, characterized by inconsistency, as well as high conflict, most significantly contribute to the child's teaching of aggression as a way to resolve interpersonal conflicts.

Key words: aggression, antisocial behavior, delinquency, neurotic extraversion, aggregation principle, family, socialization, social attitudes, planned behavior.

Traditionally, it is customary to talk about the family as a factor in protecting a developing personality. But in the context of this work, I would also like to focus on the possible destructive influences of the family on personality development and consider the family as a risk factor for socially deviant behavior and personality development. Families with psychosocial disorders should include families with problems of alcoholism and drug addiction, asocial values, illegal behavior, with a high level of conflict, families that practice aggressive behavior and violence against a child, families with emotional deprivation of a child. Many family disorders correlate with antisocial behavior of adolescents, which is confirmed by statistics and special studies.

In most cases, behind any antisocial behavior is a morally and psychologically distorted picture of the world, distorted, asocial attitudes. Of course, modern psychology knows that there is no absolute dependence between the attitudes of a person and his behavior. However, the radical conclusions about the lack of connection between attitudes and behavior, and, accordingly, about the impossibility of predicting behavior on the basis of personality attitudes, which appeared after the well-known experiment of R. La Pier (La pier, 1934), have now undergone significant changes and are no longer so radical. and unambiguous, which follows from the works of M. Huston, V. Strebe, D. Myers, G. M. Andreeva, A. L. Sventsitsky and others. It is now considered proven that an important condition for the correspondence of attitude and behavior is that the personality setting was quite strong and clear. The discrepancy is most often observed in cases where the attitude is weak or ambivalent, or both at the same time. Of course, the context factor also plays an important role. In cases where the situation puts a strong pressure on the individual, the existing setting may not work. As established in the works of D. Myers, M. Houston, W. Strebe, one of the important provisions of modern attitude psychology is the definition of the principle of aggregation: the impact of attitude on behavior becomes clearer and more obvious when we consider the personality and behavior as a whole, and not which or a separate act. An illustration of this principle, for example, are the results of the following study. As it turned out, the existing attitude to preserve the environment in the city of their residence correlated, but weakly, with individual acts of behavior of residents participating in the experiment: sign one of the appeals against exhaust gases, go out on a specific day to clean up garbage, involve a friend in such work, and etc. But the cumulative assessment of "environmental" behavior on 16 positions (which corresponded to various acts of behavior), as shown

in the works of R. H. Weigel & L. S. Newman, M. Huston, W. Strebe, already gives a high (p< 0,001) корреляцию между установкой и поведением.

Thus, from all this it follows only that certain attitudes are not always expressed in the corresponding behavior. More often due to the fact that there are certain deterrent factors. Some authors count up to 40 different factors complicating the connection in the set-behavior pair, which is noted, for example, by D. Myers, H. Triandis. At the same time, if a certain antisocial behavior takes place, then behind it are the corresponding attitudes of the individual, which determine the readiness of the individual for such antisocial behavior. The only exceptions are cases of an unintentional, random delinquent act or an act under strong situational pressure. We emphasize the fundamental point - it is the act, and not the systematic deviant, delinquent behavior of the individual. Or, as Ralph Waldo Emerson noted as early as 1841: "All action is born of thought."

In this context, the results of some studies of value orientations, moral and psychological attitudes of young people cannot but be alarming. So, in one of these studies, high school students were asked to mark those sayings that most accurately reflect their position in life (40 proverbs and sayings were offered on the list, of which the guys had to mark only 10 that were closest to them). The sample consisted of more than 1,700 people aged 14-17 from all districts of one of the regions of central Russia. The sample was representative in terms of gender, age and social composition of high school students.

Here are the most frequently noted proverbs that most accurately characterize the life position of high school students. “In dealing with other people, I adhere to the saying...”: “What is our honor if there is nothing to eat?” (93%); “Work is not a wolf, it won’t run away into the forest” (93%); “From the labors of the righteous one cannot make stone chambers” (93%); “To live with wolves is to howl like a wolf” (83%); “Shame is not smoke, it won’t eat your eyes out” (81%); “Your shirt is closer to your body” (79%); "Avarice is not stupidity" (76%); “Do not do good - you will not get evil” (73%); “You tell the truth - you lose friendship” (67%); “Two dogs squabble - the third one don’t get involved” (48%)... It is also noteworthy that a significant part of the fairly well-known proverbs and sayings of the Russian people, which express traditional sociality, did not receive mass support from high school students and turned out to be those who marked them in the last positions: “Do not have 100 rubles, but have 100 friends” (9%); “The truth is that it does not burn in fire and does not sink in water” (3%); “Where I was born, I came in handy there” (3%); “Do not spare your strength or life for your Motherland” (2%); “Motherland is mother, be able

stand up for her” (2%); "Someone else's good will not go for the future" (2%); and just one person each - "Poverty is not a vice"; “Happiness is not in money” (M. Korotkikh, 2009) .

Almost exactly the same results were obtained on a sample of students. The differences, and even then quite small, were only in numerical terms of percentage, but did not concern the very hierarchy of values, preferences, life positions. Here are the most frequently noted proverbs that most accurately characterize the life position of students. “In relations with other people, I adhere to the saying ...”: “From the labors of the righteous one cannot make stone chambers” (89%); "What is our honor if there is nothing to eat?" (83%); “Your shirt is closer to your body” (73%); “Work is not a wolf, it won’t run away into the forest” (73%); “To live with wolves is to howl like a wolf” (71%); “Shame is not smoke, it won't eat your eyes out” (69%); “Stinginess is not stupidity” (66%); “Do not do good - you will not get evil” (63%); “You tell the truth - you lose friendship” (61%); “Two dogs are squabbling - the third one is not to climb” (58%). A significant part of well-known proverbs and sayings that express the traditional sociality of a Russian person did not receive the support of students and ended up in the last positions by the number of those who noted them: “Do not have 100 rubles, but have 100 friends” (12%); “The truth is that it does not burn in fire and does not sink in water” (6%); “Where I was born - there I came in handy” (5%); “Do not spare your strength or life for your Motherland” (1%); “Motherland is a mother, know how to stand up for her” (1%); "Someone else's good will not go for the future" (1%); “Poverty is not a vice” (2 people); and one person - “Happiness is not in money” (I. Bulatnikov, 2009).

These are undoubtedly not only disturbing, but also shocking results. To some extent, the shock can be smoothed over by the fact that, according to the theory of attitudes, only the spontaneous behavior of the individual is most strongly and directly determined. With so-called thoughtful or planned behavior, fortunately, the situation is somewhat more complicated. The theory of planned behavior - I. A]1en, I. A]1en & M. Hzet - states that planned, intentional behavior is more accurately and best determined not by one, but by three factors (or components): attitudes of the individual in relation to specific behavior , to subjective norms, to the possibilities of controlling one's actions. The first factor is connected with the assertion that for predicting the behavior of a person, it is not the general attitude that is important, but the specific attitude, that is, the specific attitude of a person to the act that he thinks about. The second factor positions the fact that in order to successfully predict a specific human behavior, it is necessary to know subjective norms - that is, e. his ideas about how people close to him will perceive, relate to the planned act. And, finally, the third factor is connected with the idea of a person about the ease with which he can perform this or that act.

E. Aronson, T. Wilson, R. Eikert emphasize that if it seems to a person that it is difficult to perform an act, then the intention to perform such an act is seriously weakened; if a person believes that a certain act is easy to perform, then there is a strong desire to do just that.

Thus, the adolescent's perception of negative attitude family, parents, close to the act, prompted by the above negative attitudes, reduces the likelihood of its implementation. But, on the other hand, the matter is complicated by the fact that these attitudes themselves do not arise from nothing, but are formed, in particular, in the family itself, in the process of family socialization. And, therefore, they can reflect and correspond to the attitudes prevailing in the family, among parents and relatives. But in this case, in accordance with the theory of planned behavior, the implementation of actions that correspond to the above negative attitudes becomes easier and more likely.

For a long time it was believed that the socially deviant development of the personality is associated with the structural deformation of the family, which is simply understood as an incomplete family - the absence of one of the parents (often the father). Statistical data on juvenile delinquency, obtained in different countries of the world, confirmed this conclusion. However, in the 60s and 70s a different trend emerged. At first, the difference between complete and single-parent families in terms of the number of juvenile delinquents "given out" by them began to steadily decrease, and then almost completely disappeared. Currently, it is believed that the main factor in the negative impact of the family on the development of the individual is not the structural, but the psychosocial deformation of the family. And this is a global trend.

At the same time, it should be emphasized that the structural deformation of the family is still extremely undesirable. It makes a significant contribution to the development of social deviations of the individual, especially if the range of these deviations is not limited to illegal behavior. Yes, and in terms of the contribution to delinquency, the data of various studies are still quite contradictory. So, according to one of the Russian studies, about 50% of delinquent adolescents live in a structurally deformed (that is, incomplete) family. And, therefore, the second half has a complete family. But problems with various manifestations of the psychosocial deformation of the family, as established in the work of V. V. Korolev, are characteristic of more than 70% of adolescent offenders.

On the whole, when we talk about the different contribution to the development of asociality of minors, psychosocial deformation and the actual structural deformation of the family, we must be aware that this is not

isolated polar categories. Psychosocial deformation is a broader concept than structural deformation. After all, psychosocial deformation can be inherent in both complete and incomplete families.

The connection between the upbringing of a child in an incomplete family and delinquency is greatly complicated by the presence of many other factors. For example, it is quite obvious that there is a relationship between divorce and the socioeconomic status of the family. But, as emphasized in the works of R. J. Sampson & W. J. Wilson, K. Bartola, the generalization of data from numerous studies clearly shows that poverty is one of the most reliable signs that make it possible to predict juvenile delinquency among both boys and girls. Poverty affects the family in many ways, one of which is the possible change in parental behavior. Thus, the stress caused by poverty, as shown in the works of W. R. Hammond & B. R. Yung, K. Barthol, reduces the ability of parents to provide a favorable and consistent upbringing.

Insufficient supervision of the child, characteristic of the so-called. an indifferent style of upbringing is inherent in families with both high and low social status, both complete and single-parent families. And at the same time, it is insufficient supervision, as found in many studies, that significantly correlates with delinquency and aggression, as S. Cerncovich & R. S. Giorgano, R. Blackburn convincingly say. Moreover, studies by W. J. Wilson (1987) showed that poor maternal control is a more important factor in distinguishing between delinquents and non-delinquents than poor socioeconomic status or even parental criminality.

The most important mechanism of the negative influence of the family on the development of the personality is socialization in the family according to the deviant type. Asocial values, norms and stereotypes of behavior can be assimilated by the mechanism of learning and imitation, if such values and norms are dominant in a given family. At the same time, the consolidation of socially deviant development, as shown in the works of A. Bandura, A. Bandura, R. Walters, R. Baron, D. Richardson and others, can go in three ways: by directly declaring asocial values and norms, and emphasizing “that this is the only way to achieve success”; due to the manifestation of antisocial behavior in the direct interaction of parents with the child; due to the observation by the child in the real behavior of parents of a socially deviant orientation, even if at the speech level they declare adherence to pro-social behavior and a pro-social scale of values.

The formation of prosocial behavior of an individual is associated not only with the mechanisms of the lack of reinforcement or active punishment for antisocial behavior, but also necessarily (and perhaps even in the first place) with active social learning of prosocial forms of behavior, constructive ways of resolving contradictions and implementing various motivations of the individual. Indeed, as established in the study of 1. KeimkapdaB-Jarvinen, R. KapdaB, the most pronounced differences between children with destructive and constructive social behavior are found not in personal preference for destructive alternatives, but in ignorance of constructive solutions. Thus, the process of socialization of constructive behavior includes the acquisition of a system of knowledge and social skills, as well as the development of a system of personal dispositions, attitudes, on the basis of which the ability to respond to frustration in a relatively acceptable way is formed.

Another important mechanism of the influence of the family on the development of social deviations and asocial behavior of the individual is the emotional neglect of the child, the "non-value" attitude towards him. The so-called indifferent or ignorant type of parenting, in which children become "attention seekers," is most strongly associated with subsequent delinquency. In some studies, as R. Blackburn writes about, for example, it was found that 84% of children who were "attention catchers" at the age of eight had dealings with the police at the age of 14. There are a huge number of studies that convincingly show the relationship between negative relationships in the "parent-child" system, lack of emotionality in the family and socially deviant personality development. It has been established, for example, that if a child has a negative relationship with one or both parents, if the trends in the development of positivity of self-esteem and self-concept do not find support in the assessments of parents, or if the child does not feel parental support and guardianship, then the likelihood of illegal behavior increases significantly, relations with peers worsen, aggressiveness towards their own parents is manifested.

The most important condition for effective socialization and prevention of the formation of deviant forms of behavior is the development of attachment motivation, through which the child needs the interest, attention and approval of others, and first of all, his own parents. As a secondary reinforcer, attachment can then condition the child's adjustment to social demands and prohibitions, i.e., prosocial behavior. In this regard, it should be emphasized that an important condition for the development of socially deviant

behavior is not only social learning as such, but also the frustration that occurs in the absence of parental love and in the constant application of punishments from either one or both parents.

A special place in the system of relations between children and adolescents, of course, belongs to the mother. So, in one study by A. A. Rean and M. Yu. Sannikova, it was shown that in the system of adolescent relations to the social environment (including the attitude towards the father, as well as towards peers), it was the attitude towards the mother that turned out to be the most positive . It was found that a decrease in a positive attitude towards the mother, an increase in negative descriptors (characteristics) when describing the mother correlates with a general increase in the negativity of all social relations of the individual. It can be assumed that behind this fact lies the fundamental phenomenon of the manifestation of total negativism (negativism towards all social objects, phenomena and norms) in those individuals who are characterized by a negative attitude towards their own mother. In general, as found in the study, a negative attitude towards one's own mother is an important indicator of the overall dysfunctional development of the individual.

In recent years, there has been a steady downward trend in the role of the father, his importance and influence on the upbringing and development of the child's personality. Thus, in a fundamental study called "Family and Parenthood in Modern Russia", it was found that the proportion of those who called their father a significant person who had the greatest influence on their personality in the process of growing up decreased from 41.1% (in the older age group 40- 44 years old) to 31.8% (in the youth group 16-19 years old).

The weaker the figure of the father became, the more the figure of the mother became stronger in the minds of the respondents. In the youth group (16-19 years old), the share of those who assessed the role of the mother as the most significant was 73.3%, while in the older age group (40-44 years old) - such was 61.9%.

The role of the father in the parental family is influenced not only by age, but also by other indicators.

For example, the level of wealth. In poor families, only 26.8% of respondents noted the father's influence, in families with average or high living standards - 40.7%. Thus, the perception of the father largely depends on how successfully he copes with the role of the family breadwinner.

Respondents with higher education rated the role of the father higher than respondents with secondary education (36.6% and 42.2%, respectively). However, these differences were not significant.

Today, perhaps, there is no doubt that there is a positive relationship between the severity of punishment by parents of their children and the level of aggressiveness of children.

This dependence, as it turned out, extends to cases where the punishment is a reaction of parents to the aggressive behavior of the child. That is, it is used as an educational measure aimed at reducing the aggressiveness and the formation of non-aggressive behavior of the child.

In one experiment, the aggressive behavior of third-graders was studied in connection with the peculiarities of parental punishment strategies (L. D. Eron at al., 1963). The first level of response (which, strictly speaking, cannot be called a punishment) included requests to behave differently and rewards for changing behavior. The second level of punishments (moderate punishments) included verbal censure, reprimands, abuse. The third level of punishments (strict punishments) included physical impact, slaps, cuffs. As a result of the study, it was found that those children who were subjected to strict punishments by their parents showed more aggression in their behavior, and, accordingly, were characterized by classmates as aggressive.

In another study by R. B. Felson, N. Russo, it was also shown that the intervention of parents in case of aggression between siblings can actually have the opposite effect and stimulate the development of aggression. The neutral position of parents, as follows from this study, is preferable. The most ineffective strategy is the intervention of parents in the form of punishment of older siblings, since in this case the level of both verbal and physical aggression in the relationship between siblings is the highest. Similar results were obtained in other studies, such as the G. Patterson study.

The generalization of the results of such studies leads specialists to formulate a proposal to treat aggression between siblings in a special way - to ignore it, not to react to the aggressive interaction of siblings. However, this conclusion seems to be too radical. Sometimes it is simply impossible for parents not to react to aggression in the interaction of siblings, and sometimes it is directly harmful and unsafe. In a number of situations (for example, when aggressive interaction between siblings is no longer a rare exceptional case), the neutral position of the parents can only contribute to the further escalation of aggression. Moreover, such a position can create favorable conditions for the social learning of aggression, its consolidation as a stable behavioral pattern of a person, which already has long-term negative consequences.

In the study we discussed above, only two alternatives for parental response to aggression between siblings were studied: (1) a neutral position, i.e. ignoring the facts of aggression, and (2) punishing children (in one version - older ones, in another - junior). Obviously, with such a narrowed alternative, the neutral position actually turns out to be relatively (and only relatively) better. However, other, alternative ways of parental response to aggression between siblings are possible, which were not the subject of study here. One of these ways of responding is to discuss the problem that has arisen, to carry out the negotiation process, to learn constructive, non-aggressive ways to resolve it using a concrete example of a conflict that has arisen. After all, as experimentally proven in other studies, aggressive children differ from non-aggressive children primarily in their poor knowledge of constructive (alternative to aggressive) ways of resolving conflicts.

The most complete model of ineffective parental discipline techniques, which is very influential in this field of research, is considered to be the theory of "forced family process" by J. R. Patterson (G. R. Patterson, 1982; G. R. Patterson, J. B. Reid, T. J. Dishion, 1992; D. Connor ). This model assumes that exchanges of harsh and, most importantly, inconsistent, inconsistent actions between parents and the child in conflicts over discipline issues lead to aggression or antisocial behavior of the child. The relationship between parents and the child, characterized by inconsistency - first weakness, then rigidity - as well as high conflict levels, most significantly contribute to teaching the child aggression as a way to resolve interpersonal conflicts.

In this regard, it is interesting that the best predictor of detention for offenses at the age of 10-13 years was "indiscipline" at an earlier age. The situation is different at an older age. Conviction for offenses at the age of 17-20 years is most accurately predicted, as it turned out, by such factors as aggressiveness at the age of 12-14 years and the level of neurotic extraversion at the age of 16, as shown in the work of A. Furnham, P. Haven.

In modern psychological science, within the framework of one of the most authoritative conceptions of personality, authored by A. Maslow, it is generally accepted that the need for love and respect is one of the fundamental needs of the individual. And it is one of the five basic, basic human needs, along with the needs of survival - that is, physiological and the need for security.

In this regard, let us pay attention to the following extremely important, in our opinion, circumstances. In the 60s. in the United States, a trend associated with such upbringing has become popular, when parents interfere minimally in the life of a child, giving him maximum freedom in making decisions and, in fact, in life. It was supposed to be an expression of respect for the personality of the child, sort of like a liberal-democratic approach to the practice of education. However, psychological studies conducted years later showed that it was the children from these families who had more problems in adulthood. And, what is especially significant, it was the children who grew up in these families, as P. Massen, J. Conger and others emphasize, who noted the greatest dissatisfaction with their family childhood.

That is, it turned out that the freedom granted by parents was ultimately perceived not as a special trust and respect for the personality of the child, but as a lack or even absence of parental love and care.

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