Scientific style syntax.doc
- 34.50 KbScientific style syntax
Scientific ideas are often long, detailed, and cannot be expressed in simple sentences. The compiler of the text is faced with the task of fitting a fairly large amount of information into a limited amount of text. Therefore, scientific texts use a large number of syntactic means that promote syntactic compression.
The syntax of the scientific style of speech is characterized by a tendency towards complex constructions, which helps to convey a complex system of scientific concepts, establishing relationships between cause and effect, evidence and conclusions. For this purpose, sentences with homogeneous members and generalizing words with them are used. Common in scientific texts different types complex sentences, in particular with the use of compound subordinating conjunctions, which is generally characteristic of book speech: due to the fact that; due to the fact that, while, etc. The means of connecting parts of the text are introductory words and combinations: firstly, finally, on the other hand, indicating the sequence of presentation. To combine parts of the text, in particular paragraphs that have a close logical connection with each other, words and phrases indicating this connection are used: thus, in conclusion, etc. Sentences in a scientific style are uniform in the purpose of the statement - they are almost always narrative. Interrogative sentences are rare and are used to attract the reader’s attention to a particular issue. The generalized-abstract nature of scientific speech and the timeless plan for presenting the material determine the use of certain types of syntactic constructions: vaguely personal, generalized personal and impersonal sentences. The character in them is absent or is thought of in a generalized, vague way; all attention is focused on the action and its circumstances. Vaguely personal and generalized personal sentences are used when introducing terms, deriving formulas, and explaining material in examples: Speed is depicted as a directed segment; Consider the following example; Let's compare offers.
The syntactic features of the scientific style appear quite consistently despite the fact that the syntactic constructions are mostly common and neutral. Syntax (the construction of phrases and sentences) most of all reflects the connection with thinking. Modern scientific style is characterized by a desire for syntactic compression - compression, increasing the volume of information while reducing the volume of text. This is manifested in the peculiarities of the construction of phrases, in the peculiarities of sentences. Thus, the scientific style is characterized by phrases of nouns in which the genitive case of the name acts as a definition, often with the preposition for: metabolism, gearbox, installation device. Adjectives in the role of definition are widely used in their terminological meaning: vowels and consonants, the criminal code, conditioned reflexes, etc.
For the scientific style, the use of a nominal predicate (rather than a verb) is typical, which contributes to the creation of the nominal character of the scientific style. Most often, nominal predicates are found in definitions and reasoning, while the connective is often missing, for example: A share is a security that is evidence of the contribution of a certain share to the authorized capital and gives the right to receive part of the profit in the form of a dividend. Widely used in scientific style are nominal compound predicates with short participles like “can be used.” For qualitative and circumstantial characterization of phenomena, adverbs starting with – O are usually used: convincingly, interestingly, significantly. Interrogative sentences perform specific functions in scientific speech related to the writer’s desire to draw attention to what is being presented: What new explanatory principles does the synergetic approach bring? Passive constructions (passive) are widely used in scientific texts, but there is often no indication of the producer of the action: Features of wave processes in society are associated with the structure of social relations. Scientific speech is characterized by clarification of cause-and-effect relationships between phenomena; therefore, complex sentences with conjunctions (with conjunctions) predominate in scientific texts. Complex coordinating and subordinating conjunctions and allied words are richly represented, such as: despite the fact that, in view of the fact that, because, due to the fact that, whereas, meanwhile, while, etc. Introductory words indicating the sequence of presentation (first, second, etc.) in scientific periodicals is often replaced by digital numbering). Introductory words expressing an assumption (obviously, probably, etc.) are used in scientific literature when presenting a hypothesis. Particularly characteristic of scientific speech is a group of introductory words and phrases that indicate the degree of reliability of the message. Thanks to such introductory phrases, this or that fact can be presented as completely reliable (really, of course, of course), as assumed (suppose, apparently, must be assumed) or as possible (probably, should be, possible). A group of introductory words and phrases is also used in scientific speech, containing an indication of who owns this or that expression, what the source of the message is (in our opinion, in conviction, in concept, in information, in message, from the point of view, according to hypothesis, definition, etc.). The interconnectedness of individual parts of a scientific statement is achieved with the help of certain connecting words or groups of words that reflect the stages of logical presentation and are a means of connecting thoughts in the course of logical reasoning. This is a whole series of adverbs and adverbial expressions and other parts of speech, as well as combinations of words: so, thus, therefore, now, so, in addition, besides, besides, also, nevertheless, yet, nevertheless, meanwhile , in addition, in addition, however, despite, first of all, first of all, first, in conclusion, ultimately, therefore, as a result, further, then, in other words, in connection with this, in general, essentially, in short, as we see, etc., which usually appear at the beginning of the sentence. They serve, as a rule, not to connect words in a sentence, but to connect parts of the whole text. Close to them are phrases like: it should be indicated, it is interesting to note, observations show, in this work, in the following, etc. With the help of these internal introductions, the transition from one thought to another is carried out, the main thing is highlighted, etc.
Conclusion
To summarize the above, it can be argued that the scientific style currently represents a separate language system that serves the purpose of exchanging scientific information. The growth of isolation of this style over time coincided with the development and isolation of science as a field of human activity.
The linguistic features of the scientific style are explained by the purpose of scientific texts to convey objective, seemingly impersonal information about nature, man and society. The scientific style must ensure clarity, accuracy, objectivity, unambiguity, logic and evidence of presentation, reproducibility of the experimental scientific results presented by any other scientist, and completeness of information.
The scientific style is most clearly manifested in written speech, but with the development of education and the practice of holding scientific conferences, it actively penetrates, while maintaining its specificity, into oral speech. Each member of modern society at different times of life and to varying degrees encounters texts of a given style, functioning in oral and written form, therefore mastering the norms of scientific and scientific-educational style of speech is an important part of the culture of Russian oral and written speech.
Description
Scientific ideas are often long, detailed, and cannot be expressed in simple sentences. The compiler of the text is faced with the task of fitting a fairly large amount of information into a limited amount of text. Therefore, scientific texts use a large number of syntactic means that promote syntactic compression.
The syntax of the scientific style of speech is characterized by a tendency towards complex constructions, which contributes to the transfer of a complex system of scientific concepts, the establishment of relationships between generic and specific concepts, between cause and effect, evidence and conclusions. For this purpose, sentences with homogeneous members and generalizing words with them are used. In scientific texts, various types of complex sentences are common, in particular with the use of compound subordinating conjunctions, which is generally characteristic of book speech: due to the fact that; due to the fact that, while, etc. The means of connecting parts of the text are introductory words and combinations: firstly, finally, on the other hand, indicating the sequence of presentation. To combine parts of the text, in particular paragraphs that have a close logical connection with each other, words and phrases indicating this connection are used: thus, in conclusion, etc. Sentences in a scientific style are uniform in the purpose of the statement - they are almost always narrative. Interrogative sentences are rare and are used to attract the reader's attention to some issue.
The generalized-abstract nature of scientific speech and the timeless plan for presenting the material determine the use of certain types of syntactic constructions: vaguely personal, generalized personal and impersonal sentences. The character in them is absent or is thought of in a generalized, vague way; all attention is focused on the action, on its circumstances. Indefinitely personal and generalized personal sentences are used when introducing terms, deriving formulas, and explaining material in examples: Speed depict directed segment; Let's consider next example; Let's compare offers.
The difference between scientific and all other styles of speech is that it can be divided into three substyles:
§ Scientific. The addressee of this style is a scientist, a specialist. The purpose of style can be called the identification and description of new facts, patterns, discoveries. Typical for dissertations, monographs, abstracts, scientific articles, scientific reports, theses, scientific reviews, etc.
Example: " Rhythmics expressive speeches neither V one language And neither at what conditions Not Maybe turn out to be identical rhythmic organizations neutral speech. Increase numbers pauses And their length, unstable pace, emphatic accents, specific segmentation, more contrasting melody, elongation sonants, hissing, drawn out excerpt bows at explosive, voluntary stretching vowels, influencing on ratio duration percussion And unstressed syllables V rhythm group, violate dominant V language rhythmic trends(T. Poplavskaya)".
§ Scientific and educational. Works in this style are addressed to future specialists and students, with the goal of teaching and describing the facts necessary to master the material, therefore the facts presented in the text and examples are given as typical ones. A description “from general to specific”, strict classification, active introduction and use of special terms are mandatory. Typical for textbooks, teaching aids, lectures, etc.
Example: " Botany - science O plants. Name this science is happening from Greek words "nerds" What Means "green, grass, plant". Botany studies life plants, their internal And external structure, spreading plants on surfaces earthly ball, relationship plants With surrounding nature And Friend With friend(V. Korchagina)".
- § Popular science. The audience with this style usually does not have special knowledge in this area. Yu.A. Sorokin points out that a popular science text is written “scientifically, popularly, artistically,” that is, while maintaining the characteristic scientific text rigor and clarity of presentation, its feature is the simplified nature of the presentation and the possible use of emotionally expressive means of speech. The purpose of the style is to familiarize yourself with the described phenomena and facts. The use of numbers and special terms is minimal (each of them is explained in detail). Features of the style are: relative ease of reading, the use of comparison with familiar phenomena and objects, significant simplifications, consideration of particular phenomena without a general overview and classification. The style is typical for popular science magazines and books, children's encyclopedias, and "scientific" messages in the media. This is the most free substyle, and it can vary from newspaper sections “historical/technical information” or “this is interesting” to popular science books, similar in format and content to textbooks (scientific educational style).
- § Scientific and technical. The addressee is technical specialists. The goal is to apply the achievements of fundamental science in practice.
Scientific texts are presented in the form of separate completed works, the structure of which is subject to the laws of the genre.
The following genres of scientific prose can be distinguished: monograph, journal article, review, textbook ( training manual), lecture, report, information message (about a conference, symposium, congress), oral presentation (at a conference, symposium, etc.), dissertation, scientific report. These genres belong to primary, that is, created by the author for the first time.
TO secondary texts, that is, texts compiled on the basis of existing ones, include: abstract, abstract, synopsis, abstract, abstract. When preparing secondary texts, information is collapsed in order to reduce the volume of the text.
The genres of the educational and scientific substyle include: lecture, seminar report, course work, abstract message. Each genre has its own individual stylistic features, but they violate the unity of the scientific and technical style, inheriting its general characteristics and features.
Emergence with the development of different areas scientific knowledge, different spheres of human activity.
At first, the style of scientific presentation was close to the style of artistic narration. The separation of the scientific style from the artistic one occurred in the Alexandrian period, when scientific terminology began to be created in the Greek language, which at that time had spread its influence throughout the entire cultural world.
Subsequently, the terminology was replenished from the resources of Latin, which became the international scientific language of the European Middle Ages. During the Renaissance, scientists strived for conciseness and accuracy of scientific description, free from emotional and artistic elements of presentation as contradictory to the abstract and logical representation of nature.
However, the liberation of the scientific style from these elements proceeded gradually. It is known that the too “artistic” nature of Galileo’s presentation irritated Kepler, and Descartes found that the style of Galileo’s scientific proofs was excessively “fictionalized.” Subsequently, Newton's logical presentation became a model of scientific language.
In Russia, a scientific language and style began to take shape in the first decades of the 18th century, when authors of scientific books and translators began to create Russian scientific terminology. In the second half of this century, thanks to the works of M.V. Lomonosov and his students, the formation of a scientific style took a step forward, but it finally took shape in the second half of the 19th century, together with the scientific activities of the largest scientists of that time.
The syntax of the scientific style of speech is characterized by a tendency towards complex constructions, which contributes to the transfer of a complex system of scientific concepts, the establishment of relationships between generic and specific concepts, between cause and effect, evidence and conclusions. For this purpose, sentences with homogeneous members and generalizing words with them are used. In scientific texts, various types of complex sentences are common, in particular with the use of compound subordinating conjunctions, which is generally characteristic of book speech: due to the fact that; due to the fact that, while, etc. The means of connecting parts of the text are introductory words and combinations: firstly, finally, on the other hand, indicating the sequence of presentation. To combine parts of the text, in particular paragraphs that have a close logical connection with each other, words and phrases indicating this connection are used: thus, in conclusion, etc. Sentences in a scientific style are uniform in the purpose of the statement - they are almost always narrative. Interrogative sentences are rare and are used to attract the reader's attention to some issue.
The generalized-abstract nature of scientific speech and the timeless plan for presenting the material determine the use of certain types of syntactic constructions: vaguely personal, generalized personal and impersonal sentences. The character in them is absent or is thought of in a generalized, vague way; all attention is focused on the action and its circumstances. Vague-personal and generalized-personal sentences are used when introducing terms, deriving formulas, and explaining material in examples (Speed is represented by a directed segment; Consider the following example; Let’s compare sentences).
Actually scientific style of speech
A scientific article and monograph are original works of a research nature related to the scientific style itself. These are the so-called primary genres of the scientific style, since they are written by specialists and for specialists.
Monograph - a scientific work, a scientific book devoted to the study of one problem, one question.
Scientific article - a short essay in which the author presents the results of his own research.
This group of genres includesreport, dissertation , and alsocourse work Andthesis , adjacent to another type of scientific style - educational and scientific genres. Texts of the listed genres must have the properties inherent in any scientific text - to be accurate, logical, abstract and generalized, to have a harmonious composition.
In the texts of these genres, structural and semantic components are distinguished:
title (title),
introduction,
main part,
conclusion.
general name(introduction to terminology; conversations about physics; asymmetry of the brain and sign systems);
a title that specifies the issues of scientific theory and practice developed by the author(information storage in an unliterate society; Lie algebras with finite grading);
choosing a research topic,
research methods are described,
the goals and objectives of the work are formulated.
Title (title) of a scientific text is the most important information unit that reflects the theme of a given work and corresponds to the content of the text. There are several types of headers:
Introduction (water part) should be concise and precise. It substantiates
The main goal of any branch of science is to discover and study the patterns of connection between phenomena and processes. The goals of scientific research also include: revealing the specifics of a scientific object, creating a typology, explaining phenomena, describing functions, systematizing and generalizing facts, etc.
Main part text of the monograph, thesis is divided into chapters in accordance with the objectives and scope of work. In a scientific article, chapters are not distinguished, but each new scientific statement is drawn up in a new paragraph.
Conclusion contains conclusions from this study or is in the form of a short summary.
Scientific ideas are often long, detailed, and cannot be expressed in simple sentences. The compiler of the text is faced with the task of fitting a fairly large amount of information into a limited amount of text. Therefore, scientific texts use a large number of syntactic means that promote syntactic compression.
The syntax of the scientific style of speech is characterized by a tendency towards complex constructions, which helps to convey a complex system of scientific concepts, establishing relationships between cause and effect, evidence and conclusions. For this purpose, sentences with homogeneous members and generalizing words with them are used. In scientific texts, various types of complex sentences are common, in particular with the use of compound subordinating conjunctions, which is generally characteristic of book speech: due to the fact that; due to the fact that, while, etc. The means of connecting parts of the text are introductory words and combinations: firstly, finally, on the other hand, indicating the sequence of presentation. To combine parts of the text, in particular paragraphs that have a close logical connection with each other, words and phrases indicating this connection are used: thus, in conclusion, etc. Sentences in a scientific style are uniform in the purpose of the statement - they are almost always narrative. Interrogative sentences are rare and are used to attract the reader's attention to some issue. The generalized-abstract nature of scientific speech and the timeless plan for presenting the material determine the use of certain types of syntactic constructions: vaguely personal, generalized personal and impersonal sentences.
The syntactic features of the scientific style appear quite consistently despite the fact that the syntactic constructions are mostly common and neutral. Syntax (the construction of phrases and sentences) most of all reflects the connection with thinking. Modern scientific style is characterized by a desire for syntactic compression - compression, increasing the volume of information while reducing the volume of text. This is manifested in the peculiarities of the construction of phrases, in the peculiarities of sentences. Thus, the scientific style is characterized by phrases of nouns in which the genitive case of the name acts as a definition, often with the preposition for: metabolism, gearbox, installation device. Adjectives in the role of definition are widely used in their terminological meaning: vowels and consonants, the criminal code, conditioned reflexes, etc.
For the scientific style, the use of a nominal predicate (rather than a verb) is typical, which contributes to the creation of the nominal character of the scientific style. Most often, nominal predicates are found in definitions and reasoning, while the connective is often missing, for example: A share is security, which is a certificate of contribution of a certain share to the authorized capital and giving the right to receive part of the profit in the form of a dividend. Widely used in scientific style are nominal compound predicates with short participles like “can be used.” For qualitative and circumstantial characterization of phenomena, adverbs starting with – O are usually used: convincingly, interestingly, significantly. Interrogative sentences perform specific functions in scientific speech related to the writer’s desire to draw attention to what is being presented: What new explanatory principles does the synergetic approach bring? Passive constructions (passive) are widely used in scientific texts, but there is often no indication of the producer of the action: Features of wave processes in society are associated with the structure of social relations.
Scientific speech is characterized by clarification of cause-and-effect relationships between phenomena; therefore, complex sentences with conjunctions (with conjunctions) predominate in scientific texts. Complex coordinating and subordinating conjunctions and allied words are richly represented, such as: despite the fact that, in view of the fact that, because, due to the fact that, whereas, meanwhile, while, etc. Introductory words indicating the sequence of presentation (first, second, etc.) in scientific periodicals is often replaced by digital numbering). Introductory words expressing an assumption (obviously, probably, etc.) are used in scientific literature when presenting a hypothesis. Particularly characteristic of scientific speech is a group of introductory words and phrases that indicate the degree of reliability of the message. A group of introductory words and phrases is also used in scientific speech, containing an indication of who owns this or that expression, what the source of the message is (in our opinion, in conviction, in concept, in information, in message, from the point of view, according to hypothesis, definition, etc.). The interconnectedness of individual parts of a scientific statement is achieved with the help of certain connecting words or groups of words that reflect the stages of logical presentation and are a means of connecting thoughts in the course of logical reasoning.
This is a whole series of adverbs and adverbial expressions and other parts of speech, as well as combinations of words: so, thus, therefore, now, so, in addition, besides, besides, also, nevertheless, yet, nevertheless, meanwhile , in addition, in addition, however, despite, first of all, first of all, first, in conclusion, ultimately, therefore, as a result, further, then, in other words, in connection with this, in general, essentially, in short, as we see, etc., which usually appear at the beginning of the sentence. They serve, as a rule, not to connect words in a sentence, but to connect parts of the whole text. Close to them are phrases like: it should be indicated, it is interesting to note, observations show, in this work, in the following, etc. With the help of these internal introductions, the transition from one thought to another is carried out, the main thing is highlighted, etc.
The originality of the scientific style and its speech structure is revealed mainly in syntax and at the super-phrase level (i.e. in connections, relationships of sentences within the text and its components - paragraph and super-phrase unity, or a complex syntactic whole). It is in the functioning of syntactic units and in the organization of interphrase connections and relationships in the text that such basic features of the scientific style as the generalized abstract nature of the presentation and its emphasized logic reveal themselves most fully.
A simple proposal. Among simple sentences, common ones predominate (90%) *, as a rule, with a very ramified system of minor members of the sentence, with homogeneous members of the sentence (often with whole series of homogeneous members); in the structure of simple sentences, semi-predicative formations are active (participial and adverbial phrases, and therefore isolations), as well as introductory words, introductory and inserted constructions. For example: The Greco-Roman tradition, thanks to the development of book printing and the division of literature into scientific and artistic (which is associated with the development of printing), consistently created rational rhetoric and poetics as the doctrine of style and the embodiment of thought in words(from the book by Yu. Rozhdestvensky “The Theory of Rhetoric”).
* Cm.: Kozhina M.N. About the speech systematicity of the scientific style in comparison with some others. Perm, 1972. P. 323.
Special calculations have shown that the average number of words in one sentence of a general scientific text is 24.88, but most sentences contain 17 words* (to be precise, word forms, i.e., prepositional-nominal combinations).
* See: Functional style of general scientific language and methods of its research / Ed. O.S. Akhmanova and M.M. Glushko. M., 1974. P. 22.
In the field simple sentence vaguely personal, impersonal, as well as generalized personal sentences are active.
Definitely personal sentences, naturally, are not relevant here, since the scientific style tends to an impersonal manner of presentation, to the actual elimination of the subject of speech as an active figure (the 1st and 2nd person forms are possible in polemical texts. However, in written texts of a polemical nature These forms are extremely rare; they are more natural in oral – academic – speech). As for the "author's We", then it has a generalized character. This confirms its synonymy with the impersonal sentence: So, we came to the conclusion... And So, we can conclude...
Most often in the scientific style, indefinite-personal sentences with a predicate verb expressed in the 3rd person form are used. plural. Such a predicate denotes (“timeless”) generally accepted phenomena, facts, patterns: Distinguish three types of yarn; Compound place into the flask.
Generalized personal sentences with a verbal predicate in the 1st person present and future plural are also active: Let's give function definition; We will produce summation of all terms; Let's take it this function to the class of differentiable functions.
Among impersonal sentences, three types are more common:
a) with modal words expressing possibility, impossibility, necessity, + infinitive (Need to find the curve; It is forbidden derive the formula);
b) in the predicate – an impersonal verb or an impersonal form of a finite verb (Required determine the current strength when connecting sources in series);
c) predicative adverbs (Any proper rational fraction easily express through simple fractions). Impersonal sentences that express the state of nature and man are not presented (It's freezing; It's drizzling; I feel sick).
In the scientific style, passive constructions clearly prevail over active ones. This can be explained by the desire for objectivity and generalization of presentation without indicating the subject of the action. Verb constructions presented (Montage produced for the first time; Ongoing additional hiring of workers); participial constructions (Dot deleted from the plane; Strength attached to the body at a certain angle to the horizontal);
Regarding constructions with verbal nouns (Study of the phenomena of changing time scales in a gravitational field), then their activity in the scientific style is explained primarily by its nominal character (as well as the official business style), which is manifested in the functioning of verbal formations in scientific texts, along with the predominance of nouns over verbs, as well as the auxiliary function of verbs in a sentence.
Complex sentence. In the scientific style, there is a clear predominance of complex sentences over complex sentences. This is explained by the fact that the former express causal, conditional, investigative, temporary relationships (which, of course, is very important for scientific presentation).
At the same time, in the scientific style, multicomponent syntactic structures are cultivated, in which, along with the subordinating connection, a coordinating connection is also presented, for example:
Thus, it was found that the phenomenon of desynchronization is observed upon stimulation of those estero- and interoceptive fields in which there are endings of somatic or cerebrospinal fibers going to the central nervous system without interruption, while the phenomena of synchronization are caused predominantly from those interoceptive fields (gastric mucosa ), in which, according to our data, there are endings of only or predominantly sympathetic afferent fibers going to the central nervous system most often with a synoptic break (one or more) in the autonomic ganglia.
Such complex formations are usually distinguished by clear grammatical and semantic connections and orderly internal organization. The above illustration is quite typical in its syntactic structure: to the main clause was established there are two “chains” subordinate parts, the construction of which is characterized by parallelism.
Multicomponent constructions are often complicated by participle and participial phrases (judging by special studies, usually their number does not exceed two or three, but there are sentences with a much larger number of clauses - from 8 to 12), inserted constructions.
Collocations. In the syntax of the phrase, substantive noun phrases are brought to the fore. Widespread genitive adjective (labor productivity, soil erosion, angle of attack), as well as (mainly in terminology) combinations like noun + adjective (agriculture, economic geography, stressed consonant, culture shock...). This selectivity is due to the tendency of the scientific style towards nomination as a means of logicalizing reality, accurate information about reality (and science is concerned with obtaining objective information about the patterns and exact facts of natural, social and spiritual life), towards differentiation of nominations (in accordance with the tendency of scientific analysis to detail , differentiation of concepts).
In the scientific style, the highest percentage of uses of the genitive case is up to 46% (in the language fiction. – up to 22%). Accordingly, phrases with genitive adjectives are also very active.
Word combinations operating in a scientific style are very diverse in their structural structure. Multicomponent phrases attract attention, since they arose and arise as a result of the differentiation of concepts inherent in scientific analysis: primary winding of the transformer; alternating transmission system; spaceship launch reusable ; frequency-modulated audio carrier.
Superphrasal level. The specificity of a scientific text is that its content finds expression and becomes accessible to the reader thanks to strict logic, coherence and consistency of presentation.
As already noted, the logic of presentation in a scientific style is manifested to a great extent in the fact that complex sentences dominate here, the connections between parts are expressed incomparably more clearly, more varied, more differentiated than in complex sentences. To characterize the coherence of scientific speech, the overall high percentage of complex sentences (50.3%)* is indicative, as well as the fact that a simple sentence is complicated by phrases containing subordinate connections**.
* Cm.: Kozhina M.N. About the speech systematicity of the scientific style in comparison with some others. Perm, 1972. P. 325.
** Cm.: Lariokhina N.M. Questions of the syntax of the scientific style of speech (analysis of some structures of a simple sentence). M., 1979. P. 27.
The syntax of the scientific style is characterized by the richness of speech and text with a variety of means of expressing emphasized logic. The subject of special concern of the author of a scientific text is the identification and delimitation of the main thing in the content of the text from the secondary, the main, basic concepts from derivatives, clarity in the delimitation of theses. In this regard, an important role in the presentation is given to such formulations, presentation techniques, and speech patterns as a direct indication that the discussion of this issue or thesis is over and we're moving on to the next question, the thesis that this concept is fundamental, basic, etc. Introductory words like firstly, secondly, on the one hand, on the other hand, so, thus, therefore, introductory structures: as already noted, as established in the previous paragraph etc., various kinds of speech patterns and phrases activate the reader’s attention, help him systematize the material being presented, and follow the author’s presentation. For these purposes, the question-and-answer form, rhetorical question, “lecture We".
As an example, let us give an excerpt from the book by K.A. Timiryazev “Plant Life”:
So far we have considered leaf activity... Based on The basic law of chemistry is that matter is neither created nor destroyed, we tried find the sources of this substance and the transformations that it... experiences.
But the plant body represents to us not only matter... hence, a reserve of heat has accumulated in the birch... The question arises: where did this warmth, this strength come from? For to find out we have to look to familiar chemical phenomena...
Semantic connections between sentences in the text are “provided” by a variety of syntactic ways of organizing presentation. One of these methods is repetition.
Repetition is presented in texts of different functional varieties of literary language. Thus, within the framework of the language of fiction, repetition is the most important factor in organizing a poetic text with lyrical content. See, for example, the beginning and final stanza of V. Bryusov’s poem “Heaps of Brought Snow...”:
The organizing role of repetition in the composition of lyric poems is determined by the specifics of this genre. In a scientific style, as in a formal business style, repetition acts as an important means of communication between sentences, which ensures the accuracy and logical validity of information.
Repetition as a way of organizing presentation is as follows:
Repetition of the same word (usually a noun) - so-called lexical repetition (The interaction of two atoms can only occur when collision these atoms. Collision must occur with sufficient kinetic energy);
Using a synonym of a word, generally a synonymous replacement of words, in a subsequent sentence - synonymous repetition (Potassium cyanide solution has an alkaline reaction and smells strongly of hydrocyanic acid. Similar properties possesses sodium cyanide);
Replacing part of the previous sentence with pronouns this, all of them, all of this– pronominal repetition (When an element is in a free state - it forms a simple substance, then the movement of electrons around all atoms of this substance occurs in the same way. This true for all simple substances, regardless of their structures).
Along with ensuring the coherence of the text and the connection between sentences, repetition participates in the logical development of the presentation. For example: Every organism represents a set of ordering of interacting structures that form a single whole, i.e. is system. Living organisms have signs, which most people lack nonliving systems. However, among these signs there is not one that is unique to the living. Possible way describe life- this is to list the main properties living organisms. (Here, words with the same root also act as a kind of repetition.)
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