Human activity, its diversity.
Option 1
Deyaactivity is a form of human activity aimed at transforming the world around him.
Activity structures:
An object is something towards which an activity is directed.
The subject is the one who implements it.
The goal is perfect image the result that the subject seeks to obtain.
Means to achieve it
Result
The main motive that motivates a person to act is his desire to satisfy his needs.
Needs:
Physiological
Social
Ideal
Types of activities:
Practical activity (transformation of objects of nature and society that exist in reality).
Material and production
Socially transformative
Cognitive
Value-oriented
Spiritual (changing people's consciousness)
Prognostic
Depending on the results obtained, the activity can be constructive or destructive.
Option 2
From the second half of the 19th century, when it was recognized that man is a product of biological evolution, the question of the main difference between people and highly organized animals and the scientific explanation of this difference became central to the entire theory of the development of man as a living being. Currently, human activity is recognized as such a distinctive feature as a constantly renewed labor process aimed at transforming the environment, the result of which is the creation of artifacts, that is, various cultural samples - “second nature”. Human activity has a consciously purposeful nature. Moreover, the conscious determination of the purpose of activity (the goal-setting function) is inherent only to people. The following main elements of the activity structure are distinguished:
subject - the one who carries out the activity;
object - what the activity is aimed at;
goal - the expected result of an activity; the means to achieve the goal and the result itself.
The basis of human behavioral activity are certain motives of activity that reflect the actualized needs of a person. There are various classifications of human needs. One of them was developed by the American social psychologist A. Maslow. It is a hierarchy and includes two groups of needs:
primary needs (innate) - in particular, physiological needs, the need for safety,
secondary needs (acquired) - social, prestigious, spiritual. From Maslow's point of view, a higher level need can only appear if meet the needs, lying at lower levels of the hierarchy.
The types of human activities are diverse. Its largest differentiation involves the identification of two types - practical and spiritual activity. Practical activities are aimed at transforming real objects of nature and society and include material and production activities (transformation of nature) and social and transformative activities (transformation of society). Spiritual activity involves a change in people's consciousness and includes: cognitive activity carried out in scientific and artistic form; value-oriented activities aimed at forming a system of values and worldviews of people; prognostic activity, which involves anticipating and planning changes in reality. Human activity is also divided into labor and leisure (during rest), creative and consumer, constructive and destructive.
OPTION 3
In the social sciences, activity is understood as a form of human activity aimed at transforming the world around him,
In the structure of any activity, it is customary to distinguish an object, a subject, a goal, means of achieving it and a result. An object is something that this activity directed; the subject is the one who implements it. Before starting to act, a person determines the goal of the activity, that is, he forms in his mind an ideal image of the result that he strives to achieve. Then, when the goal is determined, the individual decides what means he needs to use to achieve the goal. If the means are chosen correctly, then the result of the activity will be the achievement of exactly the result that the subject was striving for.
The main motive that motivates a person to act is his desire to satisfy his needs. These needs can be physiological, social and ideal. Conscious to one degree or another by people, they become the main source of their activity. People’s beliefs about the goals that need to be achieved and the main paths and means leading to them also play a huge role. Sometimes in choosing the latter, people are guided by stereotypes that have developed in society, that is, by some general, simplified ideas about any social process (specifically, about the process of activity). Constant motivation tends to reproduce similar actions of people and, as a result, a similar social reality.
There are practical and spiritual activities. The first is aimed at transforming objects of nature and society that exist in reality. The content of the second is a change in people's consciousness.
Practical activities are divided into:
a) material and production;
b) socially transformative.
Spiritual activities include:
a) cognitive activity;
b) value-prognostic activity;
c) predictive activity.
Depending on the results obtained, the activity can be characterized as destructive or creative.
Activity has a huge impact on personality, being the basis on which the latter develops. In the process of activity, the individual self-realizes and asserts himself as a person; it is the process of activity that underlies the socialization of the individual. Having a transformative effect on the world around us, a person not only adapts to the natural and social environment, but rebuilds and improves it. The entire history of human society is the history of human activity.
is a form of human activity aimed at transforming the world around him.
In the structure of any activity, it is customary to distinguish an object, a subject, a goal, means of achieving it and a result. The object is what the activity is aimed at; the subject is the one who implements it. Before starting to act, a person determines the goal of the activity, that is, he forms in his mind an ideal image of the result that he strives to achieve. Then, when the goal is determined, the individual decides what means he needs to use to achieve the goal. If the means are chosen correctly, then the result of the activity will be the achievement of exactly the result that the subject was striving for.
The main motive that motivates a person to act is his desire to satisfy his needs. These needs can be physiological, social and ideal. Conscious to one degree or another by people, they become the main source of their activity. People’s beliefs about the goals that need to be achieved and the main paths and means leading to them also play a huge role. Sometimes in choosing the latter, people are guided by stereotypes that have developed in society, that is, by some general, simplified ideas about any social process (specifically, about the process of activity). Constant motivation tends to reproduce similar actions of people and, as a result, a similar social reality
There are practical and spiritual activities. The first is aimed at transforming objects of nature and society that exist in reality. The content of the second is a change in people's consciousness.
Practical activities are divided into:
a) material and production;
b) socially transformative.
Spiritual activities include:
a) cognitive activity;
b) value-prognostic activity;
c) predictive activity.
Depending on the results obtained, the activity can be characterized as destructive or creative.
Practical activities is aimed at transforming real objects of nature and society. It includes material and production activities (transformation of nature) and socially transformative activities (transformation of society).
Spiritual activity is associated with a change in people’s consciousness. It includes: cognitive activity (reflection of reality in artistic and scientific form, in myths and religious teachings) value-oriented activity (Positive or negative attitude people to the phenomena of the surrounding world, the formation of their worldview) predictive activity (planning or anticipation of possible changes in reality).
All these activities are interconnected. For example, carrying out reforms ( social transformative activity) must be preceded by an analysis of them possible consequences(prognostic activity). And the ideas of the French enlighteners Voltaire, Montesquieu, J-J Rousseau, Diderot played a big role in the preparation of the French resolution of the 18th century (socially transformative activities). Material and production activities contributed to the knowledge of nature, the development of science, that is, cognitive activity, and the results of cognitive activity (scientific discoveries) contribute to the improvement of production activity.
In the variety of human activities, one can distinguish creative and destructive. The results of the first are cities and villages, flowering gardens and cultivated fields, handicrafts and machines, books and films, treatment of their sick and raising children. Destructive activities are primarily wars. Death of people, destroyed homes and temples, devastated fields, burned manuscripts and books - these are the consequences of local and world, civil and colonial wars.
But the administrative activities of people who have power can also be destructive. And in our time there are many leaders who, speaking about the good of the people, destroy nature: they cut down forests, destroy pastures, destroy soil, pollute waters and the atmosphere. Regarding destructive activities, people say: “Breaking is not building.” But more often, destructive activity is generated not by evil will, but by limited opportunities to achieve the desired positive result.
Among the many characteristics of activity, creative activity occupies a special place. It requires non-standard, unconventional actions every time.
What is creativity? Creativity is most clearly manifested in the activities of scientists, inventors, writers, and artists. Sometimes they say that these are people of creative professions; in fact, not all people professionally engaged in science make discoveries. At the same time, many other types of activities contain elements of creativity. From this point of view, creative is any human activity that transforms the natural world and social reality according to their goals and needs.
Activity has a huge impact on the personality, being the basis on which personality development occurs. In the process of activity, the individual self-realizes and asserts himself as a person; it is the process of activity that underlies the socialization of the individual. Having a transformative effect on the world around us, a person not only adapts to the natural and social environment, but rebuilds and improves it. The entire history of human society is the history of human activity.
Modern science recognizes that any person, to one degree or another, has the ability to be creative. Along with those mentioned, such activities as work, play, and study are distinguished.
Diversity of human activity (briefly):
The variety of needs in society is increasing, which means that activities are becoming more diverse and diverse.
In a general sense, there are practical human activity (transformation of real objects) and spiritual(changing people's consciousness).
In story format and historical development, creative or destructive activity can be distinguished. And also progressive activities (aimed at progress - change) and reactionary(conservative).
According to forms of association of people- this will be a mass, collective or individual activity.
Depending on the area- this will be political, economic, religious and other activities.
According to the rules established by society and the values of society can be distinguished between legal/illegal, moral/immoral activities.
According to the novelty of goals and methods of achieving activity can be defined as monotonous, monotonous, patterned or, on the contrary, creative, innovative. The more rules and instructions there are in an activity, the closer it is to the first pole; the more freedom and possibility of change, the closer to the second.
In psychology activity divided into four types:
- doctrine- acquisition of new knowledge;
- work- creation of a new - practical result;
- communication- development and maintenance of contacts between people;
- game(intellectual, sports, role-playing) - the process of creating an imaginary situation and acting within the framework of internal rules. The game has no practical value, but can serve for communication, training, preparation for work or entertainment.
Features of manifestation of activity:
- internal- occurs in the mind;
- external- visible from the outside in the form of movements, actions with objects.
As a rule, they are interconnected.
1. Basic characteristics of human activity. Activity is a form of interaction with the outside world inherent only to humans. 4 is of a practically transformative nature; 4 animals – adapt to nature; 4 and man not only adapts to the environment, but also transforms it.
Differences between human activity and the behavior of animals Human activity has: 1. natural conscience 2. inductive nature 3. transformative nature 4. social character a person consciously puts forward the goals of his activity and anticipates it result it is aimed at obtaining a result (product) in the course of activity a person changes the world around him and himself in the process of activity a person enters into relationships with other people
Human activity is carried out to satisfy human needs. A need is a person’s experienced and perceived need for what is necessary to maintain his body and develop his personality. 4 What types of needs do you know?
Human needs are natural or innate, biological, physiological, organic (in nutrition, breathing, self-preservation) social (in creativity, communication, social activity, self-realization and public recognition) ideal, or spiritual, cultural (in knowledge, in art, creation and development cultural values) Give examples of types of needs.
Human needs Maslow's pyramid spiritual needs prestigious needs secondary needs, that is, acquired social needs existential needs physiological needs primary needs, that is, innate
2. Structure of activity and its motivation. subject object is the one who carries out the activity, what the activity is aimed at; the subject can be a person, organization, state; the object can be various objects and areas of life, as well as people, organizations, the state, the subject itself
Structure of the activity “Who is considered smart? One who strives only for an achievable goal” Abu-l-Faraj, a Syrian thinker of the 13th century, the goal is a means to achieve a goal, actions aimed at achieving a goal, a result. A goal is a conscious image of an anticipated result, towards which the activity is aimed. That which is presented in consciousness and expected as a result of a certain way of directed activity.
Structure of activity “No noble goal justifies measures that are contrary to the principles of human happiness” N. Leskov goal means to achieve the goal actions aimed at achieving the goal result Means are techniques, methods of action, and money, and tools, objects, devices for implementation activities.
Exercise. Here are two expressions: 1. For this person, all means are good. 2. The end justifies the means. Think about whether they have the same meaning.
Structure of activity goal means of achieving the goal actions aimed at achieving the goal result Factors influencing the result of the activity: setting a obviously unattainable goal, insufficient consideration of the external conditions of the activity, possible obstacles and difficulties, incorrect choice of means to achieve the goal, incompleteness of actions aimed at achieving the goal , inept implementation of actions necessary to achieve the goal.
What drives the activity? “Approaches of representatives of various philosophical trends to explaining the activities of people” philosophical trends geographical direction main idea geographical conditions determine the character and inclinations of people sociological “ideas rule the world” idealism historical materialism people’s activities are determined by material conditions, primarily, changes in production technological direction the determining factor of movement society - technique and technology psychological explanation of social processes from the point of view of the direction of psychology of large social groups
What drives the activity? motives (motivating reason, reason for any action) and needs social beliefs interests attitudes ideals drives Assignment: Think about the words of the French philosopher D. Diderot: “If there is no goal, you do nothing, and you do nothing great if the goal is insignificant.” . Can a person do anything without a goal?
Assignment: The architect's goal appears in the form of a planned structure. What could be the goal of a statesman, teacher, or commander? Give reasons for your answer. Assignment: What conclusion about the relationship between goals and means can be drawn from the following statement by the Roman writer and historian Suetonius (1st-2nd centuries): “He compared those who sought small benefits at the cost of great dangers to a fisherman who fishes for fish with a golden hook: if the hook comes off, no catch will compensate for the loss”?
3. Variety of activities. 4 practical activities are aimed at transforming real objects of nature and society: - material and production activities - transformation of nature, - material and social - transformation of society; 4 spiritual activity is associated with changes in people’s consciousness: - cognitive (reflection of reality in artistic or scientific forms), - prognostic (planning or anticipation of possible changes in reality), - value-oriented (formation of a worldview)
Variety of activities. 4 creative or destructive activity; 4 legal and illegal activities; 4 moral and immoral activities; 4 collective, mass, individual activities; 4 economic, political, social activities; 4 innovative, inventive or monotonous, formulaic activity.
Variety of activities. creativity labor play teaching Creativity is an activity that generates something qualitatively new, something that has never existed before. Elements of creativity conscious imagination fantasy unconscious intuition
creativity labor game teaching Labor is a type of human activity that is aimed at achieving a practically useful result. Labor is distinguished by: - conscious activity, activity and goal-setting (the goal is to satisfy needs), - practical usefulness and the presence of results, - the originality of its motives (work is always aimed at achieving programmed, pre-expected results).
creativity labor game teaching Game is a type of human activity that is carried out in conditional actions. Game activity, unlike work activity, is focused not so much on the result as on the process itself. Features of the game: - plot, - two-dimensionality (on the one hand, the players carry out a real action, on the other, many of its moments are conditional in nature), - it models specific situations of human behavior, - everyone has a specific role (corresponds to accepted norms of behavior in the game situations) - use symbols, conventional signs.
creativity work play learning Learning is the acquisition of knowledge and mastery of methods of action necessary for successful interaction with the world. The knowledge that is presented to the student constitutes the content of education. It includes information (information) about nature, technology, society, and people. Special means are educational books, manuals, reference books; educational computer programs, various visual aids.
1. From the list of statements, select those that characterize human spiritual activity: a) transformation of nature, b) reflection of reality in myths and fairy tales, c) formation of a person’s worldview, d) transformation of society.
2. Which of the statements reveals the sentence “For the success of work activity, skill, skills, knowledge are necessary”: a) To each according to his work, b) Without labor you cannot pull a fish out of the pond, c) For business - time, for fun - an hour, d) The master's work is afraid.
3. Select the result of creative activity: a) “Seventh Symphony” by Shostakovich, b) construction of an airplane, c) announcement at the entrance “Keep warm! Close the entrance doors! d) flower “alpine slide”.
4. What signs characterize the game as a type of activity? a) choice of role and nature of activity, b) mandatory achievement of the desired result, c) the presence of a certain content, which includes: experience in implementing methods of activity, experience in creative activity and a certain value attitude to the world, d) a combination of real and conditional actions.
Communication is the exchange between people of certain results of their mental activity: learned information, thoughts, judgments, feelings, assessments, etc. 4 a person needs to communicate with other people from the moment of his birth, 4 communication becomes the main condition for the development of a child from 1.5 months of age
Components of communication physiology tone of voice words (non-verbal) (verbal) 55% 38% 7% Forms of communication: monologue and dialogue Dialogue is a conversation between two or more persons
Communication and communication - transmission and perception of information, - during communication, subjects act, and during communication - subject and object (the subject is the one who transmits information, and the object is the recipient of information), - unidirectional flow of information in the absence or formal nature of the feedback communications
Types of communication communication between real subjects communication of a real subject with an illusory partner communication of a real subject with an imaginary partner communication of imaginary partners - artistic characters
Functions of communication the purpose of communication serves objective activity; the function of communication is subordination of activity; interaction of a subject with an object; or interaction of a subject with a subject regarding an object; communication for the sake of activity is identical to activity, constitutes communication for a person; the purpose and meaning of familiarization; the desire to enrich a partner with one’s experience, knowledge, and values
Subject: Human activity and its diversity. Social studies 10th grade.
Goals:
- reveal the content of the concept of activity;
- give its general characteristics and reveal the structure of activity;
- show activity as a way of being of a person and society;
- give an idea of the variety of activities;
- continue work on developing special skills (in preparation for the Unified State Exam);
- lead students to an independent conclusion about the difference between human activity and the behavior of other creatures.
PROGRESS OF THE LESSON
I. Organizational moment
II. Learning a new topic
We are beginning to study a number of topics that characterize activity as a way of being for a person and society. When studying the topic “Human activity and its diversity,” it is necessary to reveal the content of the concept of activity, consider its structure, and get acquainted with the various classifications of activity.
Lesson plan.
- Activity, its role in the development of society.
- The difference between human activities and the behavior of other living beings.
- Activity structure.
- Motives of activity and needs.
- Types of activities.
Upon completion of studying the first part of the topic, students must answer the question: “How do human activities differ from the behavior of other living beings?”
Question one. Let's start studying the first question of the plan by comparing two phrases.
Task 1. Match the two phrases.
- The development of society is the result of people's activities.
- Social activities are in constant change. The pace and scale of these changes can be different: in the history of mankind there were periods when the established order of life did not change in its fundamentals for centuries; Over time, changes began to increase.
Question: Compare these two phrases. What role does human activity play in the continuous changes of society?
Question to the class: In what sense do we use the word activity in everyday life? (Activity, actions, deeds, occupations of a person)
Activity in a broad sense is used to mean the activity of someone or something. Activity in the narrow sense of the word means occupation, human labor.
In the sciences that study man and society, the concept of activity is filled with special content, with which we will work.
Second question. All living things interact with environment. Animals adapt to their environment. They use natural material In general, they use everything that nature provides as tools. Man not only adapts to the environment, but also transforms it. Only man is characterized by such activity as activity. Man uses not only natural objects, but also means created by man himself. Both the behavior of animals and human activity are consistent with the goal, but the basis of animal behavior is a biological program, i.e. instincts, and human activity is characterized by a historically established program, i.e. generalization of the experience of previous generations.
Thus, activity is a form of interaction with the surrounding world inherent only to humans, based on changing and transforming the world in the interests of people, aimed at creating something that does not exist in nature, at producing a product of material and spiritual culture.
Question three. Let's get acquainted with the structure of activity based on the text by M.V. Demina “Structure of activity” and the text of the textbook.
"Structure of activity." M.V. Demin is a modern Russian scientist.
If we ignore the features of particular significance, the elements of the structure of human activity in its general form can be represented as follows:
1) people as subjects of activity;
2) their needs and interests, which determine the motives for their activities;
3) goals as ideal prototypes of needed items;
4) means of activity, both ideal and material;
5) object of activity;
6) activity itself as expedient activity, as a process of applying the material and spiritual forces of people.
Questions:
1. Compare the structure presented in the text with the characteristics of the activity structure in the textbook.
2. Should the result be included in the structure of the activity? Give reasons for your answer.
The structure presented in Bogolyubov’s textbook and the structure presented in Demin’s text are written out on the board.
Let us analyze in detail the structure of the activity (working with a textbook, writing down concepts in a notebook).
Subject- is the one who carries out the activity. Example: individual, organization, state.
Object– this is what the activity is aimed at. Example: various objects, areas of life, other people.
Target- this is a conscious image of the intended result towards which the activity is aimed.
Exercise.
- Think about the words of the French philosopher D. Diderot (1713-1784): “If there is no goal, you do nothing, and you don’t do anything great if the goal is insignificant.”
- Can a person do anything without a goal?
- For an architect, the goal appears in the form of a planned structure. What could be the goal of a statesman? The commander?
Means- these are techniques, methods of action, tools adapted for carrying out activities.
I would like to hear your opinion on the statement of the famous medieval philosopher Machiavelli “... the end justifies the means...”
Exercise.
- “An end that requires wrong means is not a right end.”
German philosopher K. Marx.
- “The nature of the means must be the same as the nature of the goal, only then can the means lead to the goal... Bad means are only suitable for a bad goal.”
Russian philosopher N.G. Chernyshevsky.
Question: What is the meaning of these judgments?
The next component of the structure is actions. Any activity consists of actions. Example: learning activities consist of activities such as taking notes on lectures, reading books, solving problems, etc.
Result– this is what we get at the end of the activity.
The result embodies what was planned and corresponds to the set goal.
Question: does the result always correspond to the goal? Why?
Question four. Encourages activity motive. This is an incentive to engage in some activity related to the satisfaction of needs.
Exercise. What drives human activity? Determine using the table.
Needs are manifested in the motives of activity. Needs- This is a person’s experienced and conscious need for something. American psychologist A. Maslow identified the following needs:
After all that has been considered, let us return to the question, how does human activity differ from the behavior of other living beings?
Student answers.
Question five. Types of activities.
Activity
Depending on the characteristics of the relationship to the surrounding world
Depending on the spheres of public life
Depending on general cultural values and social norms.
In relation to the course of history
Working with text. S.A. Shmakov is a modern scientist and teacher.
The game is now stepping into the ranks of humanity's most pressing problems. Without it, normal development of the brain and body is impossible. A child who does not play is dangerously ill... It was experimentally tested on young animals; if they are deliberately deprived of playful motor activity, their weight decreases sharply and their brain develops worse. It's the same with children. Deprived of games, they lose certain qualities of thinking and simply do not develop. According to psychologists, children who have just entered first grade are not observant enough: they cannot accurately, interestingly, approach with different sides, talk about the bird or plant they are looking at. The diagnosis is “UNDERPLAYED”.
...Fantasy, logic, imagination, intuition, reactivity - all this is from the game. One of the highest values of participating in games is the enrichment of emotions.
The game forces you to find unexpected, right, wrong, and therefore often especially interesting solutions. It becomes obvious that hours spent on games is not a waste of time on stupid things, but the acquisition of an important human ability - to make decisions for yourself. The attractiveness of games lies in the risk of choosing a solution, in “testing” fate. Games are important precisely for developing inclinations, habits of making decisions in a unique environment, available information... BEHAVIOR STRATEGY is the main social capital of the game.
Questions:
1. What is the connection between play activity and the development of a living organism?
2. Based on the text, make a list of the “highest values” of the game.
3. What, in your opinion, is similar between play and research?
Test for consolidation of studied material
1. Types of activity characteristic of humans include:
A) catering;
B) education of offspring;
C) changing the conditions of one’s existence;
D) group interaction.
2. A sign of human activity that distinguishes it from the behavior of animals is:
A) manifestation of activity;
B) goal setting;
B) adaptation to the surrounding world;
D) interaction with nature.
3. In cognitive activity, in contrast to labor:
A) the environment must correspond to the goals;
B) the result is the creation of a new product;
C) the goal is to obtain new knowledge;
D) the subject is an individual.
4. Correlate the type of activity and the features of its manifestation.
Write your answers in the table:
5. Write down the word missing in the diagram above.
6. Activities that are associated with the transformation of natural objects are called:
A) spiritual;
B) consumer;
B) value-oriented;
D) practical.
7. Establish correspondence between activities and definitions:
Write your answers in the table:
8. What is common in the activities of inventors and writers is that it is:
A) subject;
B) practical;
B) material;
D) creative.
9. Human activity differs from the behavior of animals in that it always:
A) is inextricably linked with the environment;
B) is hard-coded;
B) is based on conscious choice;
D) is associated with the manifestation of emotions.
Literature:
- “Man and society. Social science". Textbook for grades 10-11, edited L.N. Bogolyubova, A.Yu. Lazebnikova. In 2 parts: part 1 – grade 10; part 2 – 11th grade.
- Methodical recommendations for the course "Man and Society" edited by L.N. Bogolyubova. In 2 parts: part 1 – grade 10; part 2 – 11th grade.
- Didactic materials for the course "Man and Society" edited by L.N. Bogolyubova, T.A. Kinkulkina.
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