- What are the nomenclature series used for?
- How to set them up
- How to enter them
- How is it taken into account in the program?
- How to see the result
Nomenclature series- this is an additional section for accounting for nomenclature. Item series are configured for each item type and the main settings in trade management are made from the item type creation interface. Series are used to calculate costs for batch accounting and to control goods with an expiration date. Quantitative records are kept by series. That's the most important thing in a nutshell. And now more details.
The Trade Management program is constantly being developed and changed, so a release indication is necessary. As of this writing, the current release is 11.1.10.102. First of all, if you haven't turned on the episodes yet, let's turn them on. “Administration” - “Nomenclature”. Check the boxes for series and multiple types of items. To understand the operation of the batch accounting mechanism embedded in the program, you need to clearly understand what type of item is and why this reference book was created in the program, navigate the settings and understand batch accounting policies. All primary information can be obtained from the certificate. There is no point in duplicating it here. You always have the program “at hand”, but you may not have the Internet. Therefore, I will describe what and where to read in the program before moving on to the practical example.
1. Open the reference book “Type of item” (Regulatory and reference information - Settings and reference books)
Click on the “question in the orange circle” in the upper right corner of the directory window and read.
2. Open the “Warehouses” directory, read the help, look at the settings.
3. Open “Batch Accounting Policies” and read the help.
To understand the following points of our plan, we will use an example:
The organization purchases and sells milk.
The warehouse “M_Products” is used. Milk belongs to the type of nomenclature “Milk”.
First purchase 01/12/2015 price 40 rubles quantity 100 pcs.
second purchase 01/13/2015 price 45 rubles quantity 50 pcs.
first sale 01/14/2015 price 60 rubles quantity 80 pcs.
The shelf life of milk is 10 days.
Let’s create a new batch accounting policy with the policy type “Management of batch balances by FEFO”. When you select this type, all settings will be filled in and cannot be changed. This means that this policy can only be used with strict settings. Pay attention to the checkbox at the bottom “Reflection of surpluses” and “Reflection of shortages”. There is the same setting in the warehouse settings; if it is not set there, then, in the future, our new policy will not be available in the selection form when creating an “Item Type”.
Batch Accounting Policy.
Warehouse setup.
Now let’s create the item type “Milk”. After checking the “use series” checkbox, setting up series will become available. Let's choose a setting that will identify the series. In our case, these are numbers and expiration dates. This setting also affects the selection in the form of selecting a series accounting policy from the table below. We go to it and first select the warehouse: “M_Products”, then, the batch accounting policy. Save. The settings are ready. Now, all that remains is to create the item, then buy and sell it.
Type of nomenclature.
We will create an item from an order to a supplier. In the item card, select the previously created item type. Save and then select it as a document. In the order, we indicate all the parameters and fill in the fields according to the conditions of the example. Let's enter an arbitrary batch number. Based on the order, we will make a receipt; based on the receipt, we will create a receipt order for goods (we have an order warehouse). We will check the availability of goods in the warehouse with a report on the list of goods in warehouses. I will enter the second purchase by copying the order, changing the date of the document. I will repeat the entry of all documents, by analogy, and create them “Based on”. So, there are two batches of milk in the warehouse.
List of product series
We complete the sale with a customer order followed by entry “based on” the document “Sales of goods and services” and “Receipt order for goods”. This example does not consider cash flow. In real work this is not acceptable.
When selecting a product for a customer order, the program offers an earlier batch. We can track this by the serial number.
Now, let's see what's left in stock.
That's how it works. For a better understanding, I offer a video. A few more nuances are shown there. Enjoy watching.
Accounting for product series in UT 11.1
Orders, contracts, invoices and other documents are identified by their order number or document number. The document number consists of a series code followed by a serial number. You can also use series codes and series numbers to identify non-document data.
For example, you can use a series to define:
- Counterparties
- Addresses
- Purchase contracts
- Sales orders
- Production orders
- Service orders
- Warehouse orders
- Transportation orders
Series code
You can set alphanumeric series codes up to 8 characters long. The maximum length of the series code plus the number contained in the series is 9 characters.
To use a series for a document type or logged data, you must assign a group number to that document type or data type. A specific group of numbers can only be assigned to one type of document or data.
Since series codes can be alphanumeric, the generated document numbers can also be alphanumeric, and they can have a maximum of nine characters.
Special numbering groups
Groups of numbers can be defined for the following purposes:
- Transport/Warehouse
- Invoicing
- Production
- Service data
- Not used
Groups of numbers for different purposes are assigned in the corresponding sessions. For example, in the Sales Order Parameters (tdsls0100s400) session, you can select a number group for sales orders and sales schedule. In the Sales Departments (tdsls0512m000) session, you can select a group number series for sales orders generated by a specific sales department.
First available number
LN numbers orders, documents, or other recorded data sequentially using the first available number in the series. The starting number of each series is set in the First Free Numbers (tcmcs0150m000) session.
Order numbers
The resulting number consists of the series code followed by the first available number. The number must consist of 9 characters. LN adds leading zeros to the first available number, forming the desired numbering digit.
Series code - NR08. The first free number is 100. Documents in this series are given numbers:
- NR0800100
- NR0800101
- NR0800102
First free cache size numbers
To improve the performance of sessions in which new order numbers are assigned, you can specify the cache size for the series. The cache size is the number of serial numbers that LN generates and places in the user cache. Users do not have to wait for LN to generate and check the next serial numbers.
If a cache memory is used for the first free numbers, then the sequence numbers may not be sequential (with a gap). Numbers reserved by the cache are lost when the user logs out.
If you do not want to use the cache for the first available numbers, set the cache size to zero.
The specified cache size is four. When a user creates a new order for the first time, LN generates four new serial numbers and places them in the user cache. The user must wait for this operation to complete. The first number is used for the specified new order. LN selects numbers for the next three orders, which the system retrieves from the user cache. When the user creates the fifth order, LN generates the next four numbers, places them in the user cache, and so on.
If a user creates six orders and then logs out, the last two serial numbers generated by LN for the user are not used.
To use identical numbers for related log data:
- Define a number group for each type of logged data using the Number Groups (tcmcs0151m000) session.
- Define identical series codes in numbering groups in the First Available Numbers (tcmcs0150m000) session.
- Determine identical first free numbers in identical series using the First Free Numbers (tcmcs0150m000) session.
- Assign number groups to both types of logged data using the appropriate session.
- Select identical series for the specified log data.
LN generates identical codes when different types of logged data are created that need to be linked. This can be used, for example, to apply identical codes to related orders or contracts in different companies.
Examples of special number groups
You define number groups with the following details:
| Group of numbers | Episode length | Declared for |
| SF1 | 2 | Production |
| SF2 | 2 | Production |
| SF5 | 3 | Production |
| IN9 | 2 | Invoicing |
If the SF1 number group contains a KJ series, LN will not allow the same series code (KJ) to be inserted into the SF2 number group.
If the SF1 number group contains an AA series, LN will not allow AA1, AA5 or AA9 series codes to be inserted into the SF5 number group as this will result in the same numbers being generated as those generated in the SF2 number group.
If the SF5 number group contains a DF2 series, LN will not allow the DF series to be inserted into the SF1 or SF2 number groups as this will result in the same numbers being generated in the SF5 number group if very large numbers are generated (e.g. DF2255734, DF2766438, etc.).
Regardless of the series defined in the number groups SF1, SF2 and SF3, any series can be inserted into the IN9 number group, since the IN9 number group is declared for a different type of use.
One of the additional aspects of accounting for items in UT 11 is accounting by series.
Series are used to identify a specific item or batch of goods. Using series, you can organize accounting by expiration dates.
Serial accounting can be of several types:
- series reference,
- accounting of balances by series,
- accounting of balances and costs by series.
In this lesson we will look at the first option.
Setting up serial accounting
For example, let's take this situation - an organization sells computer components and when shipping it is necessary to indicate the series. But this series is necessary only to ensure that in the event of a return from a client, that the product being returned is exactly the one that was sold.
First, let's enable the use of series in the program:
Create a batch accounting policy (open from the list of item classifiers):
We create a new policy, specify the type (select the first option, we’ll look at the rest in the following videos):
After specifying the type with checkboxes, select those types of goods distribution operations for which the series is indicated in accordance with this policy:
The use of serial item accounting for a specific item is configured through the item type, let's create a new one:
In this example, we will need series to identify specific instances:
We see that in addition to the number, the series may contain information about the expiration date and production date. Additionally, you can specify an RFID tag.
To identify instances of goods, you can only use a reference indication of the series.
Select the newly created policy:
If you need different batch accounting policies to be used for a given type of item in different warehouses, check the box There are individual settings for the series accounting policy.
Series reference
We create an item card:
Now let’s complete the purchase transaction from the supplier. We see that the series is not indicated in the document:
When creating a sales order, the series is also not filled in:
But when posting a sales document, you can’t do without a series (since in the accounting policy settings we chose to indicate a series when selling), click Specify series:
In the window that appears, indicate the series numbers (you can enter them manually or fill them in automatically). The number of series must be equal to the number of items being shipped (since series identify instances):
If there is a lot of items sold, and you can come up with serial numbers yourself, then it is most convenient to use automatic filling:
From here, if necessary, you can print labels (if label layouts have been created):
If the series are indicated correctly in the document, the color of the icon changes to green:
If we used an order scheme for document flow in a warehouse, then we would have to indicate the series not in the sales document, but in the goods receipt note.
Despite the series being indicated in the document, we will not see this information in the balance report:
To view movements by series, we generate a separate report:
Thanks to this report, it will be convenient to track which particular series was shipped to which buyer. And if a client comes with some kind of “leftist”, it will be immediately obvious.
In the following lessons we will analyze the storage of balances by series and cost accounting by series.
"Parameters such as characteristics and series of items have been introduced. In addition, the program uses concepts such as properties and categories. Properties and categories can be assigned both to item items and to other program objects, for example, contractors or documents. In this section the methods of using these parameters in the configuration, their differences among themselves and the method of using these parameters for analyzing data in reports are discussed. The examples given in the methods were modeled using the “Trade Management for Ukraine” configuration, version 2.3.3.4. This method is also applicable for. configuration "Production Enterprise Management for Ukraine", edition 1.2, release 1.2.7.8.
Product characteristics
As characteristics for items of the nomenclature, those parameters are set for which it is necessary to maintain quantitative and batch accounting. Product characteristics are used in all documents responsible for the movement of goods, including documents that provide reservation of goods, such as customer orders and orders to suppliers.
Whether or not to keep records by characteristics in the program is determined in the accounting parameters settings by setting the “Use item characteristics” flag. If this flag is disabled, then the “Item Characteristics” column will not be shown in the documents, and the “Keep records of additional characteristics” flag will not be visible in the “Nomenclature” directory.
If the enterprise keeps records based on characteristics, then for each item in the nomenclature it is possible to separately determine whether records based on characteristics will be kept for this item. If accounting for characteristics is not maintained for a given product item, then the “Keep accounting for additional characteristics” flag does not need to be set.
Product characteristics are a set of parameters. For each product item, its own list of parameters is determined that will characterize the product position.
The types of parameters that will be used to describe the characteristics of the product are usually known in advance. They are specified in the “Plan of characteristic types” object, which is called from the menu item “Operations - Plan of characteristic types - Object properties”.
In order to determine the types of parameters that will be used to describe the characteristics of a specific item, you must select the "Item Characteristics" Directory on the left side of the dialog box, and specify a list of parameters for item items on the right side of the dialog box.
This list includes all types of characteristic parameters that are assigned to all items in the product line. In order to ensure that when entering specific values for characteristics, only those parameters that characterize a given item in the nomenclature are present in the list, when entering a new parameter, you must specify the purpose of the characteristic, that is, indicate for which object this characteristic is intended. This information is entered on the “Property Assignment” tab.
A characteristic of a certain type can be assigned both to a group of objects and to a separate item in the nomenclature. For example, in the demo database, the "Size" characteristic type is assigned to all objects included in the "Seafood" group, and the "Keyboard Type" characteristic type is assigned only to the "Keyboard" object.
On the "Property Values" tab, you can set known property values. For example, for the “Cutting” characteristic type, you can set possible size values: “Without head”, “Uncut”, “Fillet”, etc. You can also set these values when entering specific characteristics for objects.
Each object is characterized by a set of characteristics. For example, the product “Frozen silver carp” is characterized not only by the cutting method, but also by the size of the fish. The number of types of characteristics that can be entered for one product is not limited. However, you should adhere to reasonable limits and enter as types of characteristics only those types of characteristics for which you later plan to obtain information about current balances in warehouses. For example, in the future we will be interested in how much seafood of a certain size and cut is in the warehouse, but we will not be interested at all in what body of water this fish was caught. Therefore, we will not assign the catch water as a characteristic for this product.
Information about the characteristics of the product is entered into the reference book “Item Characteristics”. Information about a new characteristic can be entered both from the “Nomenclature” directory (Tab “Characteristics”), and at the time of registration of goods receipt at the warehouse. An important point is that information about characteristics is entered only for those products for which the “Keep records of additional characteristics” flag is set in the “Nomenclature” directory.
Information about the characteristics of the goods can also be entered at the time of receipt of goods during registration, for example, when registering the document Receipt of goods and services. Entering a new characteristic in this document, as in any other document that provides for filling in characteristics, is done in the “Item Characteristics” column. When you activate the “Item Characteristics” column, a dialog box opens showing a list of available types of characteristics for a given item item.
At the top of the dialog, a set of object characteristics is sequentially entered. When entering values, an automatic selection is made of those characteristics that satisfy the entered values. Thus, if a characteristic has been recorded at least once, it will definitely be included in the list, and the program will not allow you to enter another similar characteristic for the product. If the entered characteristic is not in the list, the lower part of the screen will be empty and the “Enter” button will appear. When you click the “Enter” button, the new characteristic will appear at the bottom of the list. Using the “Select” button, information about the characteristics of the product will be transferred to the document.
If a product with characteristics is already entered into the information base, information about the characteristics can be entered by line-by-line entry in the “Item Characteristics” column.
Example. If you type “n” in the “Item Characteristics” field, a list of all characteristics that have the cut type “Uncut” will appear: “Uncut, Large,” “Uncut, Medium,” etc. You can select the desired characteristic from this list.
Since operational records of warehouse balances are kept based on the characteristics of goods, when selling goods it is possible to select goods based on the characteristics of the goods. For the selection options “By item balances” and “By item balances and prices”, the display of balances by characteristics is implemented in the item list.
With the selection option According to the directory, balances in the context of product characteristics can be viewed in a separate dialog box, which is activated by clicking on the “Remaining balances and prices of goods” button.
If it is necessary to select the same product with different characteristics into a document, it is recommended to set the “Characteristics” flag in the selection dialog box. Then filling out information about products with different characteristics can be filled out in a separate dialog box.
Nomenclature series
Nomenclature series is a complex concept that includes a serial number, certificate and expiration date. The nomenclature series also includes information about the customs declaration and countries of origin.
Unlike the characteristics of an item, the number of parameters in a series of an item is strictly defined and cannot be changed. Product series are filled in in goods distribution documents. It is believed that a series of items is an element of warehouse accounting. An item series is filled in at the time goods are received or written off from the warehouse. By series, as well as by the characteristics of the item, quantitative and batch records are kept of the remaining goods in the warehouse.
Reservations of goods by series are made only for those customer contracts for which separate accounting is maintained for customer orders. The user can manage the reservation of goods by series (Service - Accounting settings - Accounting settings settings).
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Serial accounting of goods, as well as accounting by characteristics, can be disabled for the entire enterprise or for each product item.
The program offers the following scheme of work for product series.
At the time of receipt of goods, information about its serial number, certificate number, and expiration date is filled in.
For each product, all three parameters or only one of them can be filled in. Information about product series is entered into the subordinate directory “Product Series”, which is called up by clicking on the “Product Series” column in the document.
Information about product series can also be filled in when selecting goods into a document using the selection dialog box (the “Selection” button).
In the selection dialog box, you need to set the “Series” flag and then during selection the item series will be requested.
At the time of shipment, information about the series can be filled in manually. When selecting products, you can also set a selection mode in which a series of products will be displayed. At the same time, when registering shipping documents, the balances of goods are additionally shown in the context of product series (in the selection modes “By product balances” and “By product balances and prices”.
It is possible to automatically fill in series of goods in documents for the sale and movement of goods. Automatic filling is done by clicking the “Fill and Post” button. In this case, the program automatically distributes goods into series in accordance with the remaining goods in the warehouse.
Write-off occurs in accordance with the expiration date specified in the product series. Those goods that have the shortest expiration date will be written off first.
For example. We have in stock:
10 kg of product "Granulated Sugar" with the following parameters: series S-908, expiration date: 05/30/2008. 10 kg of product "Granulated Sugar" with the following parameters: series C-918, expiration date: 06/30/2008.
In the implementation document, we fill in all the main parameters of the document (organization, counterparty, etc.). In the tabular part of the sales document, we fill in information about the shipment of the product “Granulated Sugar” in the amount of 15 pieces. We are not filling out the series. After that, click on the “Fill and Post” button. The information in the tabular section will automatically be split into two lines:
10 kg of product "Granulated Sugar" with the following parameters: series S-908, expiration date: 05/30/2008. 5 kg of product "Granulated Sugar" with the following parameters: series C-918, expiration date: 06/30/2008.
Item properties and categories
There is no accounting of stock balances in warehouses or batch accounting by properties and categories of items. Item properties and categories are intended for additional classification of item items. They are used to make it convenient to group data when drawing up reports. Therefore, you should assign parameters as properties that are not used in operational work when issuing documents, but are necessary for a more complete analysis of data in reports.
Example. When working operationally and issuing documents, it is not very interesting to know which manufacturer’s product is being sold to the buyer. However, in the future, it will be very interesting to analyze which manufacturer’s products sell better or which manufacturer’s products are more often returned by customers due to their poor quality.
If the product range is large, it is also useful to group products by product type. This will allow you to make an enlarged analysis of sales of various types, without detailing sales to the level of specific product items.
The difference between nomenclature properties and categories is that nomenclature properties can take on many values. For example, you can enter the “Types of Products” property as a product property and assign many values to it: coffee makers, mixers, waffles, chocolates, etc. The category divides the items of the item into two parts: one part of the item belongs to this category, and the other does not.
Example. The “Imported” category has been added for products. If the product belongs to this category (the category belonging flag is set), then the product is imported. If the product does not belong to the category (the category belonging flag is not set), then the product is not imported.
Assignment of properties and categories for goods can be carried out at any stage of maintaining the information base. Properties and categories of goods can be entered both in the item list and in the item form. To enter a property or category of a product in the list, you must place the cursor on the desired product and click on the corresponding icons (enter a property for a product) or (enter a category for a product). In the nomenclature element form, information about properties and categories is entered on the corresponding tabs. You can assign any number of properties and categories to products.
Each property is characterized by the type of property and the values that are assigned to specific products.
Example. In the demo database, the property type is set for products - "Sales Channel". This property has multiple values: Sales, Retail. In this case, the list of values that is specified in the “Property Values” reference book is used as the property value. In this case, “Value type” - “Directory link: Object property values” is used as the value type.
As a property value, you can also use the values that are specified for objects in any other directories.
Example. The value of the “Manufacturer” property in the demo database uses information from the “Counterparties” directory. For this type of property, the “Value Type” is specified as “Directory.link Counterparties”.
Just as for item characteristics, a certain type of property cannot be assigned to all items in the item. This is determined by the information that is specified for the property type on the “Property Assignments” tab.
Example. For the "Manufacturer" property, no value is selected in the list of property assignments, so this property will be assigned to all items in the item. For the “Product Type” property, in the property assignment list, you can specify those groups of products for which an aggregated analysis will be carried out by type of product: “Household Appliances”, “Products”, etc. Then this type of property will be displayed only for those products that belong to these groups.
Unlike properties, object categories are assigned to all item items. The category name is entered as text. The belonging of a product to a category is determined by checking the box next to the category name.
Properties and categories for other objects
Characteristics and series are assigned only to item items. At the same time, properties and categories can be assigned to other objects - directories and documents.
The program provides for the assignment of properties and categories for objects in the following directories: Counterparties, Contact persons of counterparties, Contracts of counterparties, Contact persons, Warehouses (storage locations), Nomenclature groups, Individuals, Organizations and for all documents.
The method for assigning properties and categories for all other objects is similar to that used for the “Nomenclature” directory.
I would just like to note that the property introduced for one document applies to all types of documents. It is not possible to assign different types of properties to documents of different types.
Using characteristics, product series, as well as properties and categories when generating reports
The use of nomenclature characteristics for grouping and selecting data is provided for in all reports that include selection and grouping according to the Nomenclature directory. As an example, we can cite such reports as “List of goods in warehouses”, “Analysis of customer orders”, “Sales”, etc.
To group or select data in reports by characteristics, you must select the “Item Characteristics” object. In this case, the grouping and selection of data in reports is carried out to the level of summary characteristics for the product.
Example. In case of detailed information on the characteristics for the product “Frozen silver carp”, characteristics like “Uncut, Large”, “Uncut, Medium”, etc. will be given.
If you need to drill down in the report to the level of the component characteristics (size, cut), then in the report you need to set the "Use properties and categories" flag. In this case, the list of groupings and data selection will contain objects such as Size (Item Characteristics property), Cut (Item Characteristics property). You can select any of these objects and group the objects by size or type of cutting item item.
Product series are used only in those reports that record the movement of goods: receipt and sale of goods from the warehouse. For example, in the reports “List of goods in warehouses”, “List of goods in warehouses”. Series are not used to analyze the activities of an enterprise (reports “Sales”, “Purchases”, “Gross Profit”).
Example. The report “Statement of mutual settlements with counterparties” contains grouping and selection according to the “Counterparties” directory. Therefore, in this report, selection and grouping by properties that are assigned to objects in this directory will be available.
In order for properties and categories to be available for grouping and selecting data in reports, you must set the “Use properties and categories” flag in the report settings on the “General” tab. Then in the list of data for grouping and selection a list of all types of properties that are assigned to objects of directories and documents will appear. For example, Type of product (Nomenclature property), Region (Counterparty property).
Example. In the “Analysis of Customer Orders” report, in the list of groupings for the report there is a document “Customer Order”. If you set the “Use properties and categories” flag in the report settings, then in the list of objects for grouping data in the report it will be possible to group data by properties assigned to customer orders.
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I'm new to learning Python and some of its libraries (numpy, pandas).
I found a lot of documentation about how nudist ndarrays, pandas series and python dictionaries work.
But due to my inexperience with Python, I found it very difficult to determine When use each of them. And I haven't found any best practices to help me understand and decide when is the best time to use each type of data structure.
In general, are there best practices for deciding which of these three data structures, if any, a particular data set should be loaded into?
4 answers
The rule of thumb I usually use is: use the simplest data structure that still suits your needs. If we rank data structures from simplest to least simple, it usually ends up like this:
- Dictionaries/lists
- Numpy arrays
- Pandas series/dataframes
So let's look at dictionaries/lists first. If they allow you to perform all the necessary operations on the data, then everything is fine. If not, start looking at NumPy arrays. Some typical reasons to move to NumPy arrays:
- Your data is two-dimensional (or higher). Although nested dictionaries/lists can be used to represent multidimensional data, in most cases numeric arrays will be more efficient.
- You have to do a bunch of numerical calculations. As Zhqiat already pointed out, numpy will speed up the process significantly in this case. Additionally, numpy arrays come bundled with a lot of math functions.
Additionally, there are a few typical reasons to move beyond massive arrays to more complex but also more powerful pandas series/frames:
If you want an answer that says you only stick to one type of data structure, here goes one: use pandas series/dataframe structures.
A pandas series object can be thought of as an extended 1D numpy array, and a pandas data frame can be thought of as an extended 2D numpy array. The main difference is that pandas and pandas arrays have explicit indexes, while numpy arrays have implicit indexing. So in any Python code you are thinking of using
Import numpy as np a = np.array()
you can just use
Import pandas as pd a = pd.Series()
All functions and methods from numpy arrays will work with pandas series. By analogy, the same can be done using dataframes and numpy 2D arrays.
Another question you may have may be regarding the performance differences between numpy array and pandas series. Here's a post that shows the performance differences using these two tools: pandas series performance vs numpy.
Note that even when explicitly written, the pandas series has worse performance compared to numpy, you can solve this problem by simply calling the values method on the pandas series:
A.values
The result of applying the value method on a pandas series will be a numpy array!
Pandas in general is used for temporal data/economic data (it has many built-in financial data helpers).
Numpy is a fast way to process large arrays of multidimensional arrays for scientific computing (scipy helps too). It also has convenient management for so-called sparse arrays (large arrays with very little data in them).
One of the key benefits of numpy is the C binding, which allows massive speedups when computing large arrays along with some built-ins for functions like linear algebra/signal processing.
Both packages address some of the shortcomings that have been identified with existing built-in data types using python. As a general rule, with incomplete real world data (NaNs, outliers, etc.), you will end up having to write all types of functions that solve these problems; with the above packages you can build on the work of others. If your program generates data for your data type internally, you can probably use more simplified native data structures (not just python dictionaries).
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