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Native Kostroma region Ivan Susanin is still considered the standard of patriotism. More than one monument has been erected to him, and historians are still arguing about his feat.
Biography
There is no exact information about the date of birth of Ivan Susanin. We can only make guesses. He is usually portrayed as an old man, but historians suggest that in 1613 he was about 40 years old. Scientists came to similar conclusions from information about the man’s daughter, who was 16 years old at the time and was already married. By origin, Ivan Osipovich was a serf from the village of Domnino and belonged to the Shestov landowners. Mikhail Romanov's mother was Shestova, that is, the village was her homeland. According to some sources, Ivan Susanin was a village headman and was highly respected.
Versions of the feat
There are several versions of how the events took place. Historians still cannot reach a single opinion.
Version No. 1
The official version of the peasant’s feat states that in 1613, after the Zemsky Sobor and the official election of Mikhail Romanov to reign, the Poles should have prevented this. The tsar himself and his mother were just near Kostroma at that time. The Poles, having learned about this, went to the village. Approaching Domnino, they met Ivan Susanin, who was forced to show where young Romanov was hiding. The peasant agreed and led the Poles, but in the opposite direction - to the swamps and forests. Having entered the very depths of the forest, the Poles realized that they were going in the other direction and began to torture Susanin. The peasant suffered a painful death, but did not tell where the king was hiding. Mikhail Romanov himself and his mother at this time took refuge behind the walls of the Ipatiev Monastery.
Version No. 2
Another widespread version calls the place of death not the swamps and forests of the Kostroma province, but the village of Domnino itself. Elder Susanin learned in advance about the close approach of the Poles to the village and managed to hide the king in a barn pit, having previously covered him with burnt branches and various rags. The Poles broke into Ivan Osipovich’s house and conducted a search. Finding no one in the house, they began to torture the peasant. Even under terrible torture Susanin did not reveal the place where the young king hid.
By official version The burial place of the peasant was initially the village itself, and after that the ashes were transferred to the Ipatiev Monastery. But despite this, archaeologists have found several graves of the hero over the years.
Recognition of a feat
There are no exact versions of how the events took place. There is only documentary evidence of the feat. In 1619, Mikhail Fedorovich, by royal decree, granted Ivan Susanin's son-in-law Bogdan Sobinin half of the village of Derevnishchi for the feat of his father-in-law. By this, the Romanovs recognized the peasant’s feat and were grateful to him for saving the royal family and Russia.
Perpetuation of the feat
In 1851, a monument to Ivan Susanin was erected in Kostroma, and the central square began to bear his name. But in 1918, with the Bolsheviks coming to power, the bust was destroyed. in 1967, the monument was erected again, the inscription on which speaks of Susanin as a patriot of the Russian land.
The feat of Ivan Susanin is told in the famous opera by M.I. Glinka “Life for the Tsar”.
Conclusion
Ivan Susanin real person, who at the cost of his life saved the first Romanov. But historians still argue about the motives of the feat and what actually happened. Another mystery of history that will remain unsolved.
Source: //istoriyakratko.ru
Additional information
More than 400 years ago, Ivan Susanin ended the so-called “Time of Troubles” in Rus' with his feat, marking the beginning of the three-century reign of the Romanov dynasty. The feat of this peasant has been known to us since childhood, from the school curriculum. But where does fact end and fiction begin?
Russia, 1612. It's blazing civil war. The Moscow throne is shared by the boyars, Boris Godunov, False Dmitry I and the Polish interventionists. Finally, there is hope for stability: Mikhail Fedorovich, the cousin of Fyodor Ioannovich, the last tsar of the Rurik family, has grown up.
The Poles understand: the legitimate heir must be eliminated as quickly as possible. A detachment led by Captain Přezdetsky is sent to carry out a bloody mission. The thugs rush to the village of Domnino, Kostroma district, where, according to their information, young Mikhail and his mother Marfa are taking refuge. Ivan Susanin saves the heir to the throne from death. He leads the Poles into an impassable thicket and announces that the prince is safe, and he will not show the way back. Enraged invaders chop down the hero with sabers...
Here are the facts known to everyone. So what don't we know? It turns out that there is a lot.
The first question that comes to mind is: who was the folk hero? A simple serf or the headman of the village of Domnino? Tsar's documents from that time point to the second option. Although Susanin was listed as a serf, he held an important post for the settlement: he carried out the orders of Marfa Ivanovna, collected taxes, and sometimes conducted courts.
The cunning and prudent Poles could not trust the first man they met. Arriving in the treasured village of Domnino, they immediately rushed to search for the head. After all, who else was supposed to know where the prince was?
We are used to thinking that Ivan Susanin is a decrepit old man. This is how he is depicted on the canvas of the artist Konstantin Makovsky and depicted in Mikhail Glinka’s opera “A Life for the Tsar.” Gray head and eyebrows, shaggy beard...
But let's look at the facts. It is known for certain that the hero had an only daughter named Antonida. In 1612 she turned 16 years old and was already married. In those distant times in Rus' there was no delay in getting married and having children: people lived relatively short lives. Consequently, Susanin was only between 32 and 40 years old.
“Susanin” is a nickname?
Most likely yes. In Rus' there was no tradition of giving surnames to peasants. Only people of noble birth received this honor. And simple serfs were content with only a nickname after their father. For example, if you were born to Ivan, then you are Ivanov, and if you were born to Peter, then Petrov. There was no male name Susan, but a female name was in fashion - Susanna. Our hero's maternal nickname says one thing: Ivan grew up without a father, who, obviously, died early or died during the Time of Troubles.
It is logical to assume that the patronymic Osipovich, indicated in a number of sources, is just an invention of historians. Firstly, the peasants also did not have middle names. Secondly, in documents of the 17th century there are no mentions of Susanin’s patronymic. And finally, if Osip were Ivan’s father, we would know the hero as Ivan Osipov.
Is the feat not unique?
In the memoirs of Samuil Maskevich, who lived in that era, one can find an interesting episode: “At the end of March 1612, near Mozhaisk, we captured a man who was forced to show the way to the village of Volok. After long wanderings through the forest, the guide led us... straight to the Cossack outposts! We cut off the scoundrel’s head and were saved only by a miracle!”
As you can see, Susanin’s feat was repeated in Rus' just a month later. Did the new nameless hero know about Ivan’s act? It’s unlikely: news in those early years spread extremely slowly.
Wasn't killed in the forest?
Modern historians are inclined to believe that Ivan Susanin could have been killed not in the forest, but in one of the villages - either Domnina or neighboring Isupov. After all, the Poles loved public interrogations with torture, and mass ones at that. Perhaps Susanin, as the headman, was tortured first - to further intimidate the others. Or maybe, on the contrary, they were forced to watch the torture of innocents...
Moreover, at the very beginning of our millennium, archaeologists discovered human remains near Kostroma, most likely belonging to Ivan Susanin. For identification, they also opened the graves of his relatives. Their DNA allowed for genetic comparison.
The version with creepy forest swamps that supposedly swallowed up the invaders also seems dubious to scientists. Firstly, Mikhail Fedorovich was proclaimed Tsar by the Zemsky Sobor on February 21, 1613. Therefore, Susanin accomplished his feat in the middle of winter. It is clear that in central Russia, which includes the Kostroma region, the frosts at that time were serious. Any swamp freezes - it is impossible to drown in them. In addition, all the swamps near the village of Isupovo are small: at the widest point they are only about five kilometers.
Secondly, the Kostroma region is not Siberia. There are at most ten kilometers between the villages here. And this is a maximum of a day’s journey, or even less if strong desire get out of the thicket. Which the Poles probably did without unnecessary panic. For modern man, the forest is an unknown element. And for warriors of the 17th century it was a familiar environment. No food? There are arrows and game. No water? You can melt the snow. No fire? There is gunpowder and flint.
And, finally, the main thing: the dome of the church in the village of Domnino was visible from dozens of miles away - churches in Rus' were built on hills. Most likely, Susanin immediately realized that the forest would not help him. And he suffered martyrdom near his home, in front of the villagers.
Are the Poles to blame?
No matter how badly we think about the Time of Troubles, in any case we will underestimate it. At the beginning of the 17th century, Russians survived a terrible famine, the terror of Vasily Shuisky, the Polish intervention, the destruction of Kostroma by False Dmitry II, the plunder of the Ipatiev Monastery, and the defeat of Kineshma.
Ordinary people in distant villages were robbed by everyone who wanted them: Poles, Lithuanians and even Cossacks from the banks of the Don, Dnieper, Ural or Terek. That is why some references to Susanin’s feat say that he was tortured either by the Poles or the Lithuanians. For us the difference is colossal, but for the people of that time - none. All “foreign Herods” - both these and these. Therefore, we can assume that the prince was hunted not even by the Poles, but by bandits without clan or tribe. After all, a good ransom could be demanded for the heir to the throne.
A hero remains a hero
All the described contradictions do not detract from the feat of Ivan Susanin. He really died at the hands of the villains, without giving them the location of Tsarevich Mikhail. Moreover, Susanin’s feat was repeated many times. Only according to the most conservative estimates of historians, there are about seven dozen “Susanins” in the history of our country.
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There are two most famous heroes. On May 16, 1648, Mikita Galagan was sent by Bohdan Khmelnytsky to certain death to decide the outcome of the Battle of Korsun. The hero led a 25,000-strong army of Poles into the forest wilds, which allowed the Cossacks to attack the enemy from more advantageous positions. Like Susanin, Galagan was tortured to death by the Poles. Moreover, he initially understood that he would be killed.
During the Great Patriotic War the feat of Susanin and Galagan was repeated by Matvey Kuzmin.
Monument to the hero of sculptor N.A. Lavinsky was installed in Kostroma in 1967, on the site of the destroyed monument of 1851. The Nazis, having captured the native village of the 83-year-old peasant, ordered him to lead a battalion of the famous Nazi Edelweiss division to the rear of the Red Army. It was in the Malkinsky Heights area. For betraying the Motherland, the Fritz promised to give the old man kerosene, flour, and a new hunting rifle. Kuzmin led the invaders through the forests for a long time and eventually brought them out under machine-gun fire. Soviet troops. The hero failed to escape: at the last moment he was killed by a German commander.
Ivan Susanin is a simple Russian man who became a hero in the eyes of the entire people after saving Mikhail Romanov from the Poles during their war with the Russians.
Unfortunately, not much is known about Ivan Susanin himself and his life. He was from a simple peasant family, born and lived in a village called Domnino. Today this place is located in the Kostroma region, Susaninsky district. In some of their notes, historians noted that Ivan was the headman of his village. According to unconfirmed reports, Susanin was a widower and had an adult daughter named Antonida.
The heroic deed of a simple peasant Ivan Susanin became known to the people in 1613. At this time, Mikhail Romanov, who had just ascended the royal throne, was with his mother in the city of Kostroma. The Poles, having made their way into the city, tried to find and capture them. But to their misfortune, Ivan Susanin appeared on their way. Having caught the peasant, they began to force and torture the man to tell them the secret of the whereabouts of the newly-crowned king. But Ivan turned out to be a devoted man, and under no pretext did he tell them where Mikhail was hiding.
Later, in 1619, the relatives of Ivan Susanin were given a royal letter, which stated that the king would give them ownership of half the village and exempt them from taxes. Then, after more time, the same letters of dust were written and issued to the descendants of the peasant hero with the same words of gratitude and exemption from taxes.
Historical sources and chronicles of the 17th century could tell little about the heroic deed of Ivan Susanin. People created a small legend and passed it on from mouth to mouth to a new generation. But the visit of Empress Catherine II to Kostroma marked the beginning of a new plausible story about the Russian peasant Ivan Susanin.
Gradually, the historical feat of Ivan Susanin began to be described in school history textbooks. But the greatest interest in this feat arose during the reign of Tsar Nicholas I. Ivan Susanin was officially proclaimed a hero and began to be dedicated to him large number poems, songs, and also wrote an opera.
In order to forever imprint in the memory of future descendants the image of an ordinary peasant, a true hero and a fearless person, in 1838, by royal decree, it was ordered to erect a monument to Ivan Susanin on the central square in Kostroma.
But there were also those who denied the feat of Ivan Susanin. Some learned historians agreed that the man became another victim of the robbers operating near Kostroma at that time.
During the October Revolution, the monument was partially destroyed, since Susanin was considered a servant of the tsar. But in 1938 he was again recognized as a hero, but at a higher political level. His name became the new name of the regional center in which he lived - Susanin.
Option 2
Ivan Susanin is considered a Russian hero who saved Mikhail Romanov. This happened during the war between the Russians and the Poles.
There is little information about the biography of Ivan Susanin. He was a peasant, originally from the village of Domnino (currently Susaninsky district, Kostroma region). According to some historical data, he was the headman in the village and belonged to the Shestov court. ABOUT marital status also not specified. It is known that there was a daughter of Antonida. Most likely the peasant was a widower.
He committed his heroic deed in 1613. During these times, the newly christened Tsar Mikhail Romanov and his mother Martha took refuge in Kostroma. The Poles wanted to find them and capture them. On the way they met Ivan Susanin. They tried to find out where the king was hiding. The patrimonial elder was cruelly tortured, but he was betrayed to the king and did not tell his whereabouts.
The proof of the heroic feat of the peasant is the royal charter of 1619. It indicates the granting of half a village to the peasant’s relatives with exemption from taxes “for service with us and for blood...”.
Later, letters were also issued to the descendants of Ivan Susanin. They all repeated the words of the charter of 1619.
In chronicles and other historical sources of the 17th century, very little was said about the feat of the Russian peasant. Only from generation to generation were legends told. But starting with the visit of Empress Catherine II to Kostroma, the official beginning of the mention of Ivan Susanin as the savior of the Romanov family was laid.
Over time, the peasant's feat became known. It was mentioned in history books. Even greater interest in Ivan Susanin appeared under Tsar Nicholas I. The feat received an official character. Poems, literary works, several operas, and other works of art were dedicated to the hero.
As a memorial to descendants, in 1838 a royal decree was issued to erect a monument to the main square of Kostroma.
The history also indicated cases of criticism about the reliability of Susanin’s feat. Many scientists commented that the peasant was just one of the next victims at the hands of the Poles. It was also questioned who exactly killed the peasant. It was believed that at that time, Cossacks or even Russian robbers could be robbing near Kostroma.
During the October Revolution, the monument was destroyed. This was due to the fact that the peasant fell into the category of “servants of the kings.” Later, in 1938, Ivan Susanin was recognized as a hero who gave his life for the Tsar. This decision was made at the highest political level. The district center where Susanin lived was even renamed in honor of the hero.
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Ivan Susanin was a peasant who lived in Kostroma district. He is known as the man who saved Tsar Romanov from the Polish invaders. To date, there is no reliable information about the identity of this person. According to historical chronicles, Susanin served as headman in the village of Domnino, Kostroma district. A detachment of Polish interventionists asked Ivan Osipovich to take them to his village, where Tsar Mikhail Romanov was staying. For this Susanin was entitled to a reward. Instead, the future hero led the Poles into the After some wanderings, the invaders realized that the man decided to destroy them. After prolonged torture of the peasant, they realized that he would not indicate the road leading to the village. The Poles killed Susanin. But the murderers themselves soon died in the forest swamps. Today the name of this noble man is immortalized. And proof of the hero’s existence is the letter given to his son-in-law. And also the human remains found near Kostroma, which, apparently, belonged to Susanin. Well, now we’ll take a closer look at what Ivan Susanin is famous for and study some facts of his biography.
Lifetime of Ivan Susanin
Before moving directly to the feat and personality of Ivan Osipovich Susanin, I would like to acquaint the reader with the period of time in which the great martyr lived. So, this was in the first half of the 17th century. At the beginning of the 1600s, Russia was gripped by unprecedented class, natural and religious disasters. It was during this period that the famous famine of 1601-1603, the seizure of the throne by an impostor, the rise to power of Vasily Shuisky, the Polish invasion of 1609, as well as the militia of 1611 and many other incidents took place.
A large mountain has approached and where, in fact, it lived and left many blank spots. Episodes characterizing that time include: the destruction of Kostroma in 1608-1609 by False Dmitry II, the attack on the Ipatiev Monastery, the defeat of Kineshma by Polish troops and other bloody events.
Whether the events described above, namely anxiety, internecine squabbles and the invasion of enemies, had any relation to Susanin and his relatives or whether they bypassed their family for some time is unknown. But this entire era is the time when Ivan Susanin lived. And the war approached the hero’s house when it seemed to have already ended.
Susanin's personality
Ivan Susanin, whose biography contains very few known facts, is still an interesting person. Little is known to us about the existence of this man. We only know that Ivan had a daughter with a name unusual for our time - Antonida. Her husband was the peasant Bogdan Sabinin. Susanin had two grandchildren - Konstantin and Daniil, but it is not known exactly when they were born.
There is also no information about Ivan Osipovich’s wife. Historians are inclined to believe that at the time the peasant committed the feat, she was no longer alive. And since during the same period Antonida turned 16 years old, scientists, when asked how old Ivan Susanin was when he led the Poles into the forest, answer that he was in adulthood. That is, it is about 32-40 years.
When everything happened
Today, many people know why Ivan Susanin is famous and what feat he accomplished. But there are several versions as to what year and at what time everything happened. Opinion one: the event took place late autumn 1612. The following information is provided as evidence in favor of this date. Some legends say that Ivan hid the king in a hole in a barn that had recently been burned. The story also says that the hero also covered the pit with charred boards. But this theory was denied by most researchers. If this is true, and the ancient legends do not lie, then it really was in the fall, since the barns were heated and burned at this time of year.
Or maybe it was the last winter month of 1613?
In the minds of ordinary people, thanks to numerous artistic canvases, literary works and the opera of Glinka M.I., the image of Ivan Susanin, who led the Poles through snowdrifts through the forest, was firmly entrenched. And this is the generally accepted version. Therefore, there is reason to believe that the feat was accomplished somewhere in the second part of February or the first half of March. At this time, the Poles were sent, who were to kill Tsar Michael in order to destroy the stabilization of Russia and conduct a further struggle for the right to become the head of the Russian throne.
But one way or another, no one will ever know the truth regarding the exact date of the feat. After all, an incredibly large number important details remains a mystery. And those that were saved were most likely interpreted incorrectly. We know what Ivan Susanin is famous for. And let everything else remain a myth.
Death of Susanin in Derevnishche
Several historical chronicles, which tell how Ivan Susanin hid Romanov in a pit in the village of Derevnishche, also say that in the same village the Poles tortured Ivan Osipovich and then took his life. But this theory is not supported by any documents. This version was not supported by almost anyone who researched the life of the famous hero.
The most common version of death
The following theory regarding the hero's death is the most famous and most supported by historians. According to it, Ivan Susanin, whose feat is described above, died in the Isupov swamp. And the image of the color that grew on the hero’s blood is considered incredibly poetic. The second name of the swamp sounds like “Clean”, because it is washed with the suffering blood of Ivan Osipovich. But all this is just folklore speculation. But be that as it may, it is the swamp that is the main scene of action for the entire Susanin feat. The peasant led the Poles through the quagmire, luring them into the very depths of the forest, away from the village they needed.
But along with this, many questions arise. If Ivan Susanin (the story of the feat is described above) really died in the swamp, then did all the Poles die after his death? Or only some of them have sunk into oblivion? In this case, who said that the peasant was no longer alive? There is no mention of the death of the Poles in any documents that historians have been able to find. But there is an opinion that the real (and not folklore) hero Ivan died not in the swamp, but in some other place.
Death in the village of Isupovo
The third version regarding the death of Ivan says that he died not in the swamp, but in the village of Isupovo. This is evidenced by a document in which Susanin’s great-grandson (I. L. Sobinin) asks Empress Anna Ioannovna to confirm the benefits granted to the descendants of Ivan Susanin. According to this petition, it was in the indicated village that Ivan Osipovich died. If you believe this legend, then the residents of Isupovo also saw the death of their fellow countryman. Then it turns out that they brought bad news to the village of Domnino, and perhaps they delivered the body of the deceased there.
This version is the only theory that has documentary evidence. It is also considered the most real. In addition, the great-grandson, who was not so distant in time from his great-grandfather, could not help but know what Ivan Susanin was famous for and where he died. Many historians also share this hypothesis.
Where is Ivan Osipovich Susanin buried?
A natural question would be where is the grave of the Russian hero. If you believe the legend that he died in the village of Isupovo, and not in the swamp of the same name, then burial must be mandatory. It is assumed that the body of the deceased was buried in the cemetery near the Church of the Resurrection, which was a parish church for residents of the villages of Derevnische and Domnino. But there is no significant and multiple evidence of this fact.
It is impossible not to mention the fact that a little later after the burial, Ivan’s body was reburied in the Ipatiev Monastery. This is also a version that does not have solid evidence. And it was rejected by almost all researchers of Susanin’s feat.
The name of this man is known to every domestic schoolchild today. The biography of Ivan Susanin is associated primarily with his famous feat, thanks to which the life of Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich was saved. Yes, we're talking about about that very event that happened with the Polish interventionists and which each of us has heard about at least once in our lives. It is the biography of Ivan Susanin that will become the main topic of this article. And also the difficulties associated with its restoration.
Ivan Susanin. Biography: summary
This peasant was born in the village of Derevenki. Researchers have not reached a consensus regarding his age. Some claim that he was 30-35 years old, others that he was of old age.
According to an unconfirmed legend, in the winter, when a significant part of the then Muscovite kingdom was occupied by troops, the peasant Ivan Susanin was hired to serve by a detachment of Polish-Lithuanian troops. He was to become their guide to the village of Domnino, where the young Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov was then located. However, the peasant deceived the invaders by showing them the wrong path. He led the Poles in the opposite direction, towards the village of Isupov, and sent his own son-in-law to Domnino with news of the impending danger (the mention of the son-in-law prompted historians to think about the hero’s mature age).
When the deception was discovered, Ivan Susanin was subjected to severe torture, but the hero never revealed the whereabouts of the young king. For this he was chopped into small pieces, remaining forever in that forest. This, in general, is all the information that the biography of Ivan Susanin has.
Versions were put forward that he was a serf of the landowner Shestov. Other researchers believed that this man was not an ordinary peasant, but a village elder.
Biography of Ivan Susanin and problems of historiography of the issue
And here it turns out that not everything is so simple. Usually, it is not particularly difficult for historians to reconstruct the biographies of more or less famous figures of the modern era. Things are more complicated with clarifying the details of events of earlier eras, since neither documents nor material evidence in sufficient quantities, as a rule, have been preserved. And Ivan Susanin was not an important person at all.
Today we can reconstruct events from the life of medieval kings and generals, comparing them with reform activities, military campaigns and other acts that left a mark on history. But who was interested in individual peasants at the end of the 16th century? For quite a long time, the only document in which this name was mentioned was the charter of Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich. It mentioned Ivan Susanin himself, a brief biography of this man, as well as general description his feat. The paper is dated 1619. Then it was presented to the hero’s relatives. There were other, later letters, but they only repeated the text of the first one, without introducing anything new.
It is interesting that the glorification of the image of this peasant began only at the dawn of the 19th century. Composer Sergei Glinka, historian and writer Dmitry Bantysh-Kamensky, famous poets of that time described him in their works as the real savior of the Russian Tsar and a national hero.
At the same time, a number of researchers have questioned and are questioning even the reality of Susanin’s personality. One of these skeptics, for example, was the Russian historian Nikolai Karamzin.
The fact is that a plot similar to “Susanin’s” was also known during the war in which the Ukrainian Cossack Nikita Galagan took part, leading the Polish nobles into impenetrable wilds, thus ensuring victory for his army in the battle of Korsun in 1648. It is believed that the legend of Ivan Susanin was inspired by this episode.
However, since the 19th century, the unstoppable creation of the image that we know today began. Poems, plays, stories and dramas began to be dedicated to Susanin. He received an honorable place in the works of famous cultural figures: Ryleev, Polevoy, Glinka.
In 1838, at the behest of Emperor Nicholas I, the first monument to Susanin in Russia was erected. Thus, the peasant who remained in oblivion for two centuries after his probable feat became a real national hero by the beginning of the 20th century.
Ivan Susanin at the Monument to the 1000th Anniversary of Russia in Veliky Novgorod
- peasant of Kostroma district, village. Domnin, which belonged to the Romanovs; known as the savior of the life of Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich. Until very recently, the only documentary source about the life and feat of Susanin was the charter of Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich, which he granted in 1619, “on the advice and request of his mother,” to the peasant of the Kostroma district, the village of Domnina, “Bogdashka” Sabinin half of the village. Derevishch for the fact that his father-in-law Ivan Susanin, who “was found by Polish and Lithuanian people and tortured with great immeasurable torture, and tortured, where at that time the great sovereign, the tsar and Grand Duke Mikhail Fedorovich..., knowing about us... enduring immense torture... did not say anything about us... and for that he was tortured to death by Polish and Lithuanian people." Subsequent letters of complaint and confirmation were issued in 1641, 1691 and 1837. , given to Susanin’s descendants, only repeat the words of the charter of 1619. In chronicles, chronicles and other written sources of the 17th century, almost nothing was said about Susanin, but legends about him existed and were passed down from generation to generation. Until the beginning of the 19th century, no one thought about him. However, to see in Susanin the savior of the royal person. This is how Shchekatov first presented him in print in his “Geographical. dictionary"; followed by Sergei Glinka in his "History" directly elevated Susanin to the ideal of national valor. Glinka's story was literally repeated by Bantysh-Kamensky in the "Dictionary of Memorable People of the Russian Land". Soon Susanin's personality and feat became a favorite subject for poets who wrote about It contains a whole series of poems, thoughts, dramas, novellas, short stories, etc., and for musicians (the most famous are “Ivan Susanin” - the thought of Ryleev, “Kostroma Forests” - the drama of N. Polevoy, “Ivan Susanin” - the opera of Kavos, “Life for the Tsar” - opera by M. I. Glinka) In 1838, in Kostroma, by order of Emperor Nicholas I, a monument to Susanin was erected “as evidence that noble descendants saw in Susanin’s immortal feat - saving the life of the Tsar newly elected by the Russian land through the sacrifice of their own. life - salvation Orthodox faith and the Russian kingdom from foreign domination and enslavement." The scarcity of sources and the disagreement of the authors who narrated the feat of Susanin prompted N. I. Kostomarov to be critical of both the personality of Susanin and his feat. Based mainly on the fact that about him Contemporary or close to his time chronicles and notes do not say that existing sources do not confirm the presence of a Polish-Lithuanian detachment near the village of Domnina and that at the beginning of 1613 Mikhail Fedorovich lived with his mother not in the village of Domnina, but in the fortified Ipatiev Monastery. , he saw in Susanin “only one of the countless victims who died from robbers in the Time of Troubles.” S. M. Solovyov hotly objected to him (“Our Time”, 1862 M. P. Pogodin (“Citizen”, 1872, no.). 29 and 1873, No. 47), Domninsky (Russian Archive, 1871, No. 2), Dorogobuzhin and others; but they were all guided mostly by theoretical considerations and guesses from the late 1870s and especially the 1880s. with the opening of historical societies and provincial archival commissions, new documents about Susanin’s feat began to be discovered, almost contemporary “Notes” and numerous handwritten “legends” of the 17th and 18th centuries were discovered, in which the admiration of the writers for Susanin’s feat was obvious (others directly called it “ martyr"). In 1882, Samaryanov, who collected many sources that had not been published before him, managed to prove that Poles and Lithuanians in a whole detachment approached the village of Domnin with the goal of killing the newly elected Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich and that Mikhail Fedorovich “hid from the Poles” in the Ipatiev Monastery on the advice of Susanin from With. Domnina, after the appearance of the Polish-Lithuanian detachment. Samaryanov’s provisions are confirmed by later finds of documents dating back to Susanin and stored in the Kostroma Archival Commission, in the Archaeological Institute, etc.
Monument to Ivan Susanin in Kostroma
The essence of the legends about Susanin’s feat comes down to the following. Soon after his election to the throne, when Mikhail Fedorovich lived with his mother in the village. Domnina, their ancestral estate, came to the Kostroma region. Polish and Lithuanian people with the aim of killing the new rival of the Polish prince Vladislav; near the village They came across Domnin, Susanin, who undertook to be their guide, but led them in the opposite direction, into dense forests, sending his son-in-law Bogdan Sabinin to Mikhail Fedorovich before leaving with advice to take refuge in the Ipatiev Monastery; in the morning he revealed his deception to the Poles, despite cruel torture, did not reveal the Tsar’s place of refuge and was chopped by the Poles “into small pieces.” Of the direct descendants of Susanin, the Landrat census book, stored in the Moscow archive of the Ministry of Justice, names Fyodor Konstantinov, Anisim Ulyanov (Lukyanov) and Ulyan Grigoriev, who lived in the village of Korobov, granted to Susanin’s daughter, Antonida Ivanovna, in 1633, under 1717. Cf. N. I. Kostomarov, “Historical monographs and research” (vol. I, St. Petersburg, 1867); his, “Personalities of the Time of Troubles” (“Bulletin of Europe”, 1871, No. 6); Samaryanov, “In Memory of Ivan Susanin” (Kostroma, 1884, 2nd ed.); I. Kholmogorov, “Note on the descendants of Susanin” (“Proceedings of the Archaeographic Commission of the Imperial Moscow Society”, vol. I, issue I, 1898); D. I. Ilovaisky, “The Time of Troubles of the Moscow State” (M., 1894).
V. P-v.
Encyclopedia Brockhaus-Efron
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