The structure of the human skeleton. Anatomical human skeleton - torso, upper and lower limbs, head: structure with the name and function of the bones, photo from the front, side, back, number, composition, parts, weight of bones, diagram, description. What are the main parts?

The skeleton of any adult human includes 206 different bones, all of them different in structure and role. At first glance, they appear hard, inflexible and lifeless. But this is a mistaken impression; various metabolic processes, destruction and regeneration continuously occur in them. They, together with muscles and ligaments, form a special system called “musculoskeletal tissue,” the main function of which is musculoskeletal. It is formed from several types of special cells that differ in structure, functional features and significance. Bone cells, their structure and functions will be discussed further.

The structure of bone tissue

Features of lamellar bone tissue

It is formed by bone plates having a thickness of 4-15 microns. They, in turn, consist of three components: osteocytes, ground substance and collagen thin fibers. All bones of an adult are formed from this tissue. The collagen fibers of the first type lie parallel to each other and are oriented in a certain direction, while in neighboring bone plates they are directed in the opposite direction and intersect almost at a right angle. Between them are the bodies of osteocytes in the lacunae. This structure of bone tissue provides it with the greatest strength.

Cancellous bone

The name "trabecular substance" is also found. If we draw an analogy, the structure is comparable to an ordinary sponge, built from bone plates with cells between them. They are arranged in an orderly manner, in accordance with the distributed functional load. The epiphyses of long bones are mainly built from spongy substance, some are mixed and flat, and all are short. It can be seen that these are mainly light and at the same time strong parts of the human skeleton, which experience loads in different directions. The functions of bone tissue are in direct relationship with its structure, which in this case provides a large area for metabolic processes carried out on it, gives high strength combined with low weight.

Dense (compact) bone substance: what is it?

The diaphyses of the tubular bones consist of a compact substance; in addition, it covers their epiphyses from the outside with a thin plate. It is pierced by narrow channels, through which nerve fibers and blood vessels pass. Some of them are located parallel to the bone surface (central or Haversian). Others go to the surface of the bone (nutrient openings), through which arteries and nerves penetrate inward, and veins penetrate outward. The central canal, together with the bone plates surrounding it, forms the so-called Haversian system (osteon). This is the main content of the compact substance and they are considered as its morphofunctional unit.

Osteon is a structural unit of bone tissue

Its second name is the Haversian system. This is a collection of bone plates that look like cylinders inserted into each other, the space between them is filled by osteocytes. In the center is the Haversian canal, through which the blood vessels that ensure metabolism in bone cells pass. Between adjacent structural units there are interstitial (interstitial) plates. In fact, they are the remnants of osteons that existed previously and were destroyed at the moment when the bone tissue underwent restructuring. There are also general and surrounding plates; they form the innermost and outer layers of the compact bone substance, respectively.

Periosteum: structure and significance

Based on the name, we can determine that it covers the outside of the bones. It is attached to them with the help of collagen fibers, collected in thick bundles, which penetrate and intertwine with the outer layer of bone plates. It has two distinct layers:

• external (it is formed by dense fibrous, unformed connective tissue, it is dominated by fibers located parallel to the surface of the bone);
• the inner layer is well defined in children and less noticeable in adults (formed by loose fibrous connective tissue, which contains spindle-shaped flat cells - inactive osteoblasts and their precursors).

The periosteum performs several important functions. Firstly, trophic, that is, it provides the bone with nutrition, since it contains vessels on the surface that penetrate inside along with the nerves through special nutrient openings. These channels feed bone marrow. Secondly, regenerative. It is explained by the presence of osteogenic cells, which, when stimulated, transform into active osteoblasts that produce matrix and cause the growth of bone tissue, ensuring its regeneration. Thirdly, the mechanical or support function. That is, ensuring the mechanical connection of the bone with other structures attached to it (tendons, muscles and ligaments).

Functions of bone tissue

Among the main functions are the following:

1. Motor, support (biomechanical).
2. Protective. Bones protect the brain, blood vessels and nerves, internal organs, etc. from damage.
3. Hematopoietic: hemo- and lymphopoiesis occurs in the bone marrow.
4. Metabolic function (participation in metabolism).
5. Reparative and regenerative, consisting in the restoration and regeneration of bone tissue.
6. Morph-forming role.
7. Bone tissue is a kind of depot of minerals and growth factors.

The human body maintains its shape thanks to the bones that make up the skeleton. If the skeleton did not perform a supporting function, the body would be rounded and flattened due to the huge amount of soft tissue.

At birth, the skeleton consists of approximately 350 bones. Then some of the bones grow together, and an adult human skeleton has approximately 206 bones. It is impossible to give an exact number because there are additional bones that some people have that other people do not.

The bones of the skeleton can be divided into the axial skeleton (the supporting structure of the body) and the accessory skeleton. Humans also have manifestations of the exoskeleton (external skeleton, which is well developed in invertebrates): teeth, hair and nails. The bones have different lengths, so the femur of a tall person can reach a length of 60 cm, and the nasal bone is less than a centimeter long.

Functions of bones

Bones perform the following functions:

• Support function - bones form the osteochondral skeleton of the body, to which many internal organs and muscles are attached.
• Protective function - bones protect internal organs by forming the skull (to protect the brain), the spine (to protect the spinal cord) and the rib cage (to protect important internal organs).
• Motor function - muscles use bones as levers to move the body.
• Hematopoietic function - new blood cells are formed in the red bone marrow of some bones.
• Cumulative function – fat accumulates in the central cavities of long bones in the form of yellow bone marrow. Bone tissue also plays an important role in metabolism, accumulating calcium and phosphorus, sulfur, copper, sodium, potassium, and magnesium. When a need arises for any of these substances, they are released into the blood and distributed throughout the body.

A fully developed bone consists of inorganic material(40-50%), organic material (30-40%) and water (20%). Most bones are formed from a cartilaginous base that calcifies (calcifies) and ossifies (ossifies) to form true bone. The primary bones of the skeleton (integumentary), which include the bones of the face, cranial vault and part of the clavicle, develop without a cartilaginous stage.

In the process of development of secondary skeletal bones, the following stages are distinguished:

• In the second and third months of the embryonic period, osteoblasts (cells that form bone) are activated.
• Osteoblasts produce matrix - the material between cells, which consists of large quantity collagen (fibrous protein), which strengthens tissue.
• The intercellular space between cells is strengthened and the cells become osteocytes (living cells). They no longer produce new bone, but constitute the bone stroma.
• Throughout life, osteoclasts break down, remodel and repair bone. With age, these processes slow down, and the bones of older people become weaker and more fragile.

Thanks to osteoblasts and osteoclasts, which are involved in building and breaking down bone, bones can gradually adapt to the body's needs for shape and strength.

Types of bones

Based on density, the following types of bones are distinguished:

Forms the diaphyses (the elongated middle part of the bone) and epiphyses (the terminal extensions of the bone) of long bones.

On a cross section of such a bone, one can see a cluster of osteops (Haversian systems), which are elongated cylinders. The cylinders are oriented along the long axis of the bone and consist of a central Haversian canal. This canal contains blood vessels, lymphatic vessels and nerves, which are surrounded by concentric plates of bone (lamellae). Between the plates there are lacunae containing lymph and osteocytes. The lacunae communicate with each other through thin channels - lymphatic tubules in the Haversian canal, which provide osteocytes with nutrition from the lymph. Multiple tubular plates give the bone greater strength. Perpendicular to the long axis of the bone are Volkmann's (perforation) canals, through which blood vessels and nerve fibers pass.

is formed in the epiphyses (terminal extensions), vertebral bodies and other bones that do not have extensions. Spongy bone consists of trabeculae (trabeculae), which are osteocytes connected by tubules and randomly constructed plates. There are no Haversian systems, but there are multiple open spaces in the form of a cellular structure, which are similar to large Haversian canals. These open spaces are filled with blood vessels and yellow or red bone marrow, forming a dynamic lattice that can gradually change in response to muscle tension and weight bearing.

The following types of bones are distinguished by shape:

• Long (tubular) bones consist mainly of compact bone and have an elongated middle part (diaphysis) and two terminal extensions (epiphyses). The long bones are the femur, humerus and tibia. They participate in complex motor processes: running, jumping, stretching their arms.
• Short Bones formed mainly by spongy bone tissue and have a cubic shape. Short bones include the carpal and tarsal bones. Separately among the short bones, sesamoid bones are distinguished, which are formed and located within the tendon. The sesamoid bones include the patella (kneecap) and the pisiform bone at the medial end of the carpal crease.
• Flat bones consist of spongy bone tissue, which is located between two thin layers of compact bone. Flat bones are thin and often curved. These bones include the ribs, sternum, and most of the bones of the skull.
• Asymmetrical bones formed mainly by cancellous bone tissue, covered with thin layers of compact bone and have a composite shape. These include the pelvic bones, vertebrae and individual bones of the skull.

Cartilage

Cartilage or cartilage may be a temporary formation that is later replaced by bone, or a permanent addition to the bone. Bone is denser and stronger than cartilage.

Cartilage is formed by chondrocytes - living cells. Chondrocytes are located in lacunae and are surrounded by an intercellular substance rich in collagen. Cartilage is almost not penetrated by blood vessels, and is nourished from the surrounding tissue fluid.

There are three main types of cartilage:

It is a temporary basis for the development of bones, then it remains next to the bone in the following forms: costal cartilages, articular cartilage of the synovial joint, cartilaginous plates between the separately ossifying zones of bone during the growth period, the urinary process of the sternum, cartilages in the nasal septum, larynx, bronchial rings and trachea.

Consists of white fibrous tissue, its tissue is more elastic and stronger than hyaline cartilage. The figure illustrates the location of white fibrocartilage in human body.

Contains yellow elastic fibers. It can be found in the auricle, eustachian tube of the middle ear, and epiglottis.

First, in the center of the diaphysis, the transformation of cartilage begins. Secondary centers then form at the ends of the bones to form bone. Bone growth occurs from these centers until the age of twenty, after which the growth zones become denser.

Long bones consist of the following parts:

• Diaphysis(central part of a long bone) - consists of a medullary cavity filled with bone marrow and surrounded by dense bone tissue. The diaphysis is formed from one or more primary areas of ossification and is supplied by one or more arteries.
• Pineal gland- the terminal part of the bone, separated from the main body by immature bone cartilage. The epiphysis is formed from a secondary site of ossification and consists of cancellous bone.
• Epiphyseal line– remnant of the epiphyseal plate of hyaline cartilage. This is the growth zone of long bone and is found in young, growing bone. In adulthood, the plate is gradually replaced by bone, leaving only a residual line.
• Articular cartilage– smooth, flexible, porous, insensitive, located within the synovial joint in those places where two bones come into contact.
• Periosteum- fibrous membranous tissue, forms a two-layer shell that envelops the outer surface of the bone. The periosteum membrane is very sensitive. The outer layer consists of dense, unformed connective tissue, and the inner layer consists of osteoblasts and osteoclasts. The periosteum contains blood and lymphatic vessels that penetrate the bone through nutrient canals and nerve fibers. The periosteum is attached to the bone by Shar Pei fibers (made up of collagen) and forms attachment points for ligaments and tendons.
• Bone marrow cavity- the cavity of the diaphysis that contains the bone marrow. Bone marrow is red in young people, and with age it turns into yellow marrow in most bones.
• Red bone marrow- a gelatinous substance of red color, consisting of red and white blood cells at different stages of development. Red bone marrow is located in the medullary cavities of long and flat bones, in the spongy part. In adults, red bone marrow, which produces new red blood cells, is located in flat bones (sternum), asymmetrical bones (pelvic bones), heads of the femur and humerus.
• Yellow bone marrow– fatty connective tissue that is unable to produce blood cells.

The fetal skull at the age of 9 months is not yet a rigid structure; the individual bones that make it up have not fused together, which should ensure relatively easy passage through the birth canal. Other distinctive features: not fully developed bones of the upper limb girdle (scapula and clavicle); most of the carpal and tarsal bones are still cartilaginous; At the time of birth, the bones of the chest are also not formed (in a newborn, the xiphoid process is cartilaginous, and the sternum is represented by separate bony points that are not fused together). The vertebrae at this age are separated by relatively thick intervertebral discs, and the vertebrae themselves are just beginning to form: the vertebral bodies and arches are not fused and are represented by bony points. Finally, the pelvic bone at this point consists only of the bone rudiments of the ischium, pubis and ilium.

The adult human skeleton consists of more than 200 bones; its weight (on average) is approximately 10 kg for men and about 7 kg for women.
The internal structure of each of the bones of the skeleton is optimally adapted so that the bone can successfully perform all the numerous functions assigned to it by nature. The participation of the bones that make up the skeleton in metabolism is ensured by the blood vessels that penetrate each bone. Nerve endings penetrating the bone allow it, as well as the entire skeleton as a whole, to grow and change, adequately responding to changes in the living environment and external conditions of the organism.

The structural unit of the supporting apparatus, which forms the bones of the skeleton, as well as cartilage, ligaments, fascia and tendons, is connective tissue (textus connectivus). General characteristics The different structure of connective tissues is that they all consist of cells and intercellular substance, which includes fibrous structures and amorphous substance. Connective tissue performs various functions: as part of organs, trophic - the formation of the stroma of organs, nutrition of cells and tissues, transport of oxygen, carbon dioxide, as well as mechanical, protective, that is, it unites various types tissues and protects organs from damage, viruses and microorganisms.

1 - skull;
2 - bones of the upper limb;
3 - chest;
4 - spinal column;
5 - pelvic bones;
6 - bones of the lower limb

Connective tissue is divided into connective tissue itself and specially connective tissue with supporting (bone and cartilage tissue) and hematopoietic (lymphatic and myeloid tissue) properties.

The connective tissue itself is divided into fibrous and connective tissue with special properties, which include reticular, pigment, adipose and mucous tissue.
Fibrous tissue is represented by loose, unformed connective tissue that accompanies blood vessels, ducts, nerves, separating organs from each other and from body cavities, forming the stroma of organs, as well as dense formed and unformed connective tissue, forming ligaments, tendons, aponeuroses, fascia, perineuria, fibrous membranes and elastic tissue.

Bone tissue (textus osseus) forms the bony skeleton of the head and limbs, the axial skeleton of the body, protects organs located in the skull, thoracic and pelvic cavities, and participates in mineral metabolism. In addition, bone tissue determines the shape of the body. It consists of cells, which are osteocytes, osteoblasts and osteoclasts, and of the intercellular substance containing collagen fibers of bone and bone ground substance, where mineral salts are deposited, constituting up to 70% of the total bone mass. Thanks to this amount of salts, the bone base substance is characterized by increased strength.

Bone tissue is divided into coarse fibrous, or reticulofibrous, characteristic of embryos and young organisms, and lamellar tissue, which makes up the bones of the skeleton, which, in turn, is divided into spongy, contained in the epiphyses of bones, and compact, located in the diaphyses of tubular bones.

Cartilaginous tissue (textus cartilagineus) is formed by chondrocytes and intercellular substance of increased density.
Cartilage performs a supporting function and is part of various parts of the skeleton. There are fibrous cartilaginous tissue, which is part of the intervertebral discs and joints of the pubic bones, hyaline, which forms the cartilage of the articular surfaces of bones, ends of the ribs, trachea, bronchi, and elastic, which forms the epiglottis and auricles.

rye, wheat, apple
2) what is the source of human infection with bovine tapeworm?
eggs, finna, larva
3) when did the dinosaurs become completely extinct?
4) what vitamins are insoluble in water?
A, C, D, E, B
5) what substances are broken down by pancreatic enzymes?
6) In which part of the kidney does blood filtration occur?
7) what organs does the autonomic nervous system innervate?
heart, blood vessels, facial muscles, leg muscles, stomach
8) what organisms have a nucleus in their cell?
bacteria, viruses, ciliates, mice, bears

1) what are the functions of vitamins and what connection exists between their appearance and the ecology of a given species in the past?

2) what water-soluble vitamins do you know and what are their functions?
3) how to preserve vitamins in food?
4) how does the nephron function?
5) how to prevent diseases of the urinary system?
6) how is thermoregulation carried out in the body?
7) what is hardening and how is it carried out?

1. When and by whom were the first two provisions of the cell theory created? 2. Who proved that new cells are formed by dividing the mother cell? 3. Who

showed that the cell is the unit of development? 4. What is the plasmalemma formed by? 5. What layers do the membranes of animal and plant cells consist of? 6. List the functions of the cell membrane 7. Name the types of transport through the cell membrane. 8. What are phagocytosis and pinocytosis? 9. In what part of the cell are ribosomal subunits formed? 10. What are the functions of ribosomes 11. What is the sedimentation coefficient of prokaryotic ribosomes and eukaryotic ones? 12. What types of endoplasmic reticulum do you know and what are their functions? 13. What functions does the Golgi complex perform? 14. What functions do lysosomes perform? 15. Which cell organelles are called respiratory organelles? 16. How do interconversions of plastids occur? 17. What is the internal environment of mitochondria and plastids called? 18. What are the centrioles of the cell center formed by? 19. Which eukaryotes do not have centrioles 20. What are the functions of the cell center? 21. List the organelles of cell movement. 22. List the single-membrane cell organelles. 23. List the double-membrane cell organelles. 24. List the non-membrane cell organelles. 25. Which cellular organelles contain DNA? 26. What are the functions of the kernel? 27. What organelles are absent in the plant cell of higher plants? 28. What substance is characteristic of plant cell walls? 29. What organelles are absent in the cells of multicellular animals? 30. What organelles of a eukaryotic cell arose as a result of symbiosis? 31. Which cellular organelles are capable of self-duplication? 32. Give the classification of eukaryotes. 33. What substance is characteristic of fungal cell walls? 34. What storage substance is characteristic of fungal cells? 35. Give the classification of prokaryotes. 36. What organelles are missing in prokaryotes? 37. What substance is characteristic of bacterial cell walls? 55. How does prokaryotes reproduce? 39. In what form is the genetic material found in a eukaryotic cell? 40. In what form is the genetic material found in a prokaryotic cell? who knows what questions write the answers I give a lot of points only answers are at least 20

In the human body, everything is interconnected and arranged very wisely. The skin and muscles, internal organs and skeleton, all clearly interact with each other, thanks to the efforts of nature. Below is a description of the human skeleton and its functions.

Classmates

General information

The frame of bones of different sizes and shapes on which the human body is fixed is called the skeleton. It serves as a support and provides reliable security for important internal organs. You can see what a human skeleton looks like in the photo.

Organ described, connecting with muscle tissue, represents the musculoskeletal system of homo sapiens. Thanks to this, all individuals can move freely.

Finally developed bone tissue consists of 20% water and is the strongest in the body. Human bones include inorganic substances, which give them strength, and organic substances, which give them flexibility. This is why bones are strong and elastic.

Anatomy of human bones

Looking at the organ in more detail, it is clear that it consists of several layers:

• External. Forms bone tissue of high strength;
• Connective. The layer tightly covers the outside of the bones;
• Loose connective tissue. Complex interweaving of blood vessels is located here;
• Cartilage tissue. Settled at the ends of the organ, due to it the bones have the opportunity to grow, but until a certain age;
• Nerve endings. They transmit signals from the brain and back, like wires.

Bone marrow is placed in the cavity of the bone tube; it is red and yellow.

Functions

Without exaggeration, we can say that the body will die if the skeleton stops performing its important functions:

• Support. The solid osteochondral framework of the body is formed by bones, to which fascia, muscles and internal organs are attached.
• Protective. Containers are created from it to contain and protect the spinal cord (spine), brain (cranium) and for other, no less important, human vital organs (rib frame).
• Motor. Here we observe the use of bones by muscles as levers to move the body with the help of tendons. They determine the coherence of joint movements.
• Cumulative. In the central cavities of long bones, fat accumulates - this is yellow bone marrow. The growth and strength of the skeleton depends on it.
• In metabolism bone tissue plays an important role; it can be safely called a storehouse of phosphorus and calcium. It is responsible for the metabolism of additional minerals in the human body: sulfur, magnesium, sodium, potassium and copper. When there is a shortage of any of the listed substances, they are released into the blood and spread throughout the body.
• Hematopoietic. Filled with blood vessels and nerves, red bone marrow takes an active part in hematopoiesis and bone formation. The skeleton contributes to the creation of blood and its renewal. The process of hematopoiesis occurs.

Skeletal organization

Into the skeletal structure includes several groups of bones. One contains the spine, cranium, chest and - this is the main group, which is load-bearing structure and forms a frame.

The second, additional group includes bones that form the arms, legs and bones that provide connection with the axial skeleton. Each group is described in more detail below.

Main or axial skeleton

The skull is the bony base of the head. In shape it is half an ellipsoid. The brain is located inside the cranium, and the sense organs also find their place here. Serves as a solid support for the elements of the respiratory and digestive apparatus.

The rib cage is the bony base of the chest. It resembles a compressed truncated cone. It is not only a supporting device, but also a movable device, participating in the work of the lungs. The chest contains internal organs.

Spine- an important part of the skeleton, it ensures a stable vertical position of the body and houses the spinal cord, protecting it from damage.

Accessory skeleton

Upper limb girdle – provides the ability for the upper limbs to attach to the axial skeleton. It consists of a pair of shoulder blades and a pair of clavicles.

Upper limbs – unique working tool, which you can’t do without. It consists of three sections: the shoulder, forearm and hand.

Belt lower limbs– attaches the lower limbs to the axial frame, and is also a convenient container and support for the digestive, reproductive and urinary systems.

Lower limbs - mainly perform supporting, motor and spring functions human body.

The human skeleton with the name of the bones, as well as how many there are in the body and each section, is described below.

Skeletal departments

The adult human skeleton contains 206 bones. Usually its anatomy debuts with a skull. Separately, I would like to note the presence of the external skeleton - dentition and nails. The human frame consists of many paired and unpaired organs, forming separate skeletal parts.

Anatomy of the skull

The skull also includes paired and unpaired bones. Some are spongy, while others are mixed. There are two main sections in the skull; they differ in their functions and development. Right there, in the temporal region, is the middle ear.

The medulla creates a cavity for part of the sense organs and the brain of the head. It contains a vault and a base. There are 7 bones in the department:

• Frontal;
• Wedge-shaped;
• Parietal (2 pcs.);
• Temporal (2 pcs.);
• Lattice.

The facial section includes 15 bones. It houses most of the sense organs. This is where they start parts of the respiratory and digestive system.

The middle ear contains a chain of three small bones, they transmit sound vibrations from the eardrum to the labyrinth. There are 6 of them in the skull. 3 on the right and 3 on the left.

• Hammer (2 pcs.);
• Anvil (2 pcs.);
• The stapes (2 pcs.) is the smallest bone measuring 2.5 mm.

Anatomy of the torso

This includes the spine starting from the neck. The chest is attached to it. They are very related in location and the functions they perform. Let's consider separately spinal column, then the chest.

Spinal column

The axial skeleton consists of 32–34 vertebrae. They are connected to each other by cartilage, ligaments and joints. The spine is divided into 5 sections and each section has several vertebrae:

• Cervical (7 pieces) this includes epistropheus and atlas;
• Chest (12 pcs.);
• Lumbar (5 pcs.);
• Sacral (5 pcs.);
• Coccygeal (3–5 fused).

The vertebrae are separated by intervertebral discs, the number of which is 23. This combination is called: partially movable joints.

Rib cage

This part of the human skeleton is formed from the sternum and 12 ribs, which are attached to the 12 thoracic vertebrae. The rib cage is flattened from front to back and expanded in the transverse direction, forming a movable and durable rib lattice. It protects the lungs, heart and major blood vessels from damage.

Sternum.

It has a flat shape and spongy structure. It contains the rib cage in front.

Anatomy of the upper limbs

With the help of the upper limbs, a person performs a lot of elementary and complex actions. The hands include many small parts and are divided into several departments, each of which conscientiously performs its work.

In the free part of the upper limb includes four sections:

• The upper limb girdle includes: 2 shoulder blades and 2 clavicles.
• Humerus (2 pcs.);
• Ulnar (2 pcs.) and radial (2 pcs.);
• Brush. This complex part is made up of 27 small fragments. Bones of the wrist (8 x 2), metacarpus (5 x 2) and phalanges (14 x 2).

Hands are exceptional apparatus for fine motor skills and precise movements. Human bones are 4 times stronger than concrete, so rough tasks can also be performed. mechanical movements, the main thing is not to overdo it.

Anatomy of the lower extremities

The bones of the pelvic girdle form the skeleton of the lower extremities. Human legs consist of many small parts and are divided into sections:

The leg skeleton is similar to the arm skeleton. Their structure is the same, but the difference is visible in the details and size. The feet bear the entire weight of the human body when moving. Therefore, they are stronger and stronger than hands.

Bone shapes

In the human body, bones are not only of different sizes, but also of different shapes. There are 4 types of bone shapes:

• Wide and flat (like a skull);
• Tubular or long (in the limbs);
• Having a composite shape, asymmetrical (pelvic and vertebrae);
• Short (wrist or foot bones).

Having examined the structure of the human skeleton, we can come to the conclusion that it is an important structural component of the human body. Performs functions through which the body carries out the normal process of its life.