Employment definition in economics. Employment of the population in modern conditions. How is this process carried out without a work book?

1. Employment of the population, basic concepts.

Economically active population (EAN ) - part of the population at the age established for measuring the economic activity of the population (from 15 to 72 years inclusive), providing labor supply for the production of goods and services during the period under review.

This proposal can be implemented, i.e. be busy and not realize, i.e. be unemployed. Thus, the economically active population includes 2 categories: employed and unemployed; EAN = Z + B.

Level EAN characterizes the share of the economically active population in the total population and is calculated using the formula:

where EAN is the economically active population (labor force);

N - total population

Labor resources - this is the able-bodied part of the population, actual and potential workers. Some of them offer their labor force on the labor market and are economically active, while the other part is economically inactive (Figure 2.1).

Economically inactive population - this is the population that is not part of the labor force (economically active population), i.e. persons of the age specified for measuring economic activity of the population (15–72 years), who are not considered to be engaged in economic activity or unemployed during the reference period.

Students and full-time students;

Pensioners by age, length of service and on preferential terms;

Disability pensioners;

Recipients of income from property or capital;

Homeowners responsible for caring for the home and children;

Others (all other persons who do not fall into any of the above categories).

Figure 2.1 - Composition of labor resources

The economically active population realizes its labor potential in the field of employment.

Employment - this is a general category of social production, covering the totality of relations regarding the participation of people in socially useful labor.

Employment indicators:

1) the number of employed population (total and when distributed according to various characteristics: gender, age, types of economic activity, etc.);

2) employment level, i.e. ratio of the number of employed to the number of economically active population (in percent):

U h = Z * 100% / EAN

In the Russian Federation, in accordance with Art. 2 of the Law of the Russian Federation “On Employment of the Population in the Russian Federation” the following citizens are considered employed:

1) those working under an employment contract, including those performing work for remuneration on a full-time or part-time basis, as well as having other paid work, including seasonal and temporary work, with the exception of public works;

2) duly registered as individual entrepreneurs, as well as notaries engaged in private practice, lawyers who have established law offices, and other persons whose professional activities in accordance with federal laws subject to state registration and (or) licensing;

3) those employed in auxiliary industries and selling products under contracts;

4) those performing work under civil contracts, the subjects of which are the performance of work and the provision of services, copyright agreements, as well as members of production cooperatives (artels);

5) elected, appointed or approved for a paid position;

6) those undergoing military service, alternative civilian service, as well as service in internal affairs bodies, the State Fire Service, institutions and bodies of the penal system;

7) undergoing full-time training in educational institutions, including training in the direction of the state employment service;

8) temporarily absent from the workplace due to disability, vacation, retraining, advanced training, suspension of production, conscription for military training, involvement in activities related to preparation for military service (alternative civil service), performance of other government duties or other valid reasons ;

9) who are the founders (participants) of organizations, with the exception of the founders of public and religious organizations, charitable and other foundations, associations of legal entities (associations and unions), which do not have property rights in relation to these organizations;

10) who are members of a peasant farm.

Employment characteristics. The vast majority of experts agree that employment can be:

Productive;

Socially useful;

Rational;

Effective.

At full employment all willing able-bodied citizens have the opportunity to have paid work as a source of livelihood, while the unemployment rate is equal to the natural one.

Rational employment can be considered as a type of full employment, which presupposes a qualitative match between workers and the jobs they occupy.

At productive employment the population is engaged in the production of useful goods and services.

Socially useful employment characterized by the activities of people who work in public production, serve in the Armed Forces and Internal Affairs (in internal affairs bodies), study in full-time forms of education (at working age), are engaged in housekeeping, caring for children and relatives.

Effective employment - this is the use of labor resources in which the maximum material result and social effect are achieved with minimal social and labor costs.

Employment structure - is a set of proportions in use EAN , which are determined through the relationships between:

The number of employed and unemployed labor resources;

Employed persons, distributed by type of employment;

Employed in production and non-production sectors;

Employed in sectors of material production;

Employed in non-production sectors;

Employed by regions and territories of the country;

Employed in enterprises of various forms of ownership;

The number of employed workers in various professions and specialties, as well as various types activities.

Forms of employment are the organizational and legal conditions of employment (Table 2.1).

Table 2.1 - Forms of employment

Employment is not only one of the most important economic characteristics. This category can be used to judge the well-being of the people of any state. At the same time, the level of employment of the population is assessed, which is an important macroeconomic indicator.

Definition of the term

Employment is a socio-economic phenomenon. It is a socially useful activity of the population, the purpose of which is to satisfy social and personal needs, as well as to obtain earnings (income). This definition gives the Law “On Employment of the Population in Russian Federation" This important document was adopted on April 19, 1991 under No. 1032-1.

Employment is also an economic category. It is a set of relationships that relate labor activity citizens. This economic category expresses the degree of inclusion of the country's population in socially useful activities. It also indicates the extent to which enterprises need workers and the availability of vacancies necessary to generate income. All these positions allow us to consider employment as one of the most important characteristics of the labor market.

Some authors give another definition of this term. In their opinion, employment is the main parameter necessary for the functioning of the labor market. Moreover, it is a certain type of relationship between people of an economic and legal nature. And this is not surprising, because a person acquires a job by joining one or another labor cooperation. And until the moment the employee remains in his chosen subsystem of the business sector of the economy, these relationships continue to take place.

Categories of workers

The Law “On Employment of the Population in the Russian Federation” provides an explanation of which citizens of the country can be considered included in socially useful activities.

These are the people:
- working under employment contracts, as well as having other service or work for which they receive remuneration;
- registered as an individual entrepreneur;
- engaged in auxiliary crafts and selling products under concluded contracts;
- elected, approved or appointed to paid positions;
- performing various types of work under civil or copyright contracts;
- members of artels (production cooperatives);
- those in military, civilian alternative service, in the Ministry of Internal Affairs;
- full-time students of educational institutions;
- temporarily absent from their workplace due to illness, vacation, conscription, etc.;
- who are participants (founders) of organizations and have property rights in relation to the latter.

Requirements of a market economy

Since the nineties of the last century, Russia has abandoned the administrative-command type of management. Its economy began to move towards a market economy, which required various reforms. This did not escape the employment sector either. Numerous changes have also been made to it. The development of innovations was based on the experience already gained by developed countries. The result of the work done was legislative act“On the employment of the population of the Russian Federation”, which reflected the basic principles of the state on this issue. The first of them is enshrined in the Russian Constitution. It speaks of the voluntariness of labor and the existence of the right of citizens to freely dispose of their abilities for creative and productive work.

The second of the principles set out in the law concerns the responsibility of the state for the creation necessary conditions employment and free choice of workplace by citizens. The country also has the responsibility to ensure and take into account the long-term interests of the nation. This is the third principle of employment. Government authorities at all levels should make efforts to put into effect government regulation mechanisms, and also not interfere with market self-regulation in this area. At the same time, the financial capabilities of extra-budgetary funds, the budget, public associations, enterprises and citizens themselves must be used in order to achieve social and economic efficiency programs adopted by the government. This is the fourth principle of the state policy in the field of employment.

Methods and methods of employment

In any state, the employment policy of the population is determined, first of all, by the tasks and goals set by society. At the same time, each country can use its own ways to solve problems in this area. Thus, the American model is distinguished. It involves the creation large quantity jobs where people are not required to be highly productive and their income is low. Such a labor market suits a significant part of economically active citizens. Formally, unemployment is at a low level. However, the number of people with low incomes is increasing significantly.

When applying the Scandinavian model, almost the entire working-age population will have jobs with satisfactory payment conditions. This is possible when a large number of vacancies are created in the public sector of the economy. However, the implementation of this policy is fraught with the emergence of inflationary pressure and depletion of the treasury.

When creating the European model, the number of employed people decreases with an increase in labor productivity and income of workers. Such a policy must be supported by an expensive system of benefits for the ever-increasing number of unemployed.

Types of employment policies

In the field of employment of its citizens, the state can carry out both active and passive activities. The first of them involves the adoption of a number of measures aimed at promoting employment of the population. Active policy includes measures aimed at preventing layoffs of workers and preserving jobs, improving the skills of the population and vocational training, organizing various public works, supporting private entrepreneurship, etc. All this helps reduce the unemployment rate in the country.

When pursuing a passive policy, the state does not take measures to promote employment. It only traces the negative consequences that occur when high level unemployment. At the same time, the state pays benefits to unemployed citizens and provides job selection services. For this purpose, an employment service is being organized in the country. In addition, when pursuing a passive policy, the state issues early retirement. It also provides material or non-monetary support to the unemployed.

Developed countries with a socially oriented market economy, as a rule, pursue an active policy in the field of employment of citizens. At the same time, the state strives to:
- there was work for everyone who was looking for it;
- work activity was at the most effective level;
- there was freedom to choose a workplace.

Achieving your goals

In order to outline effective measures in the implementation of policies in the field of employment of citizens, it is necessary to take into account the level and stage of economic development of the entire country. An important factor in solving employment problems will be the merging of this direction with the solution of various economic and social problems.

How should the level characterizing employment of the population rise? Work to improve this indicator is carried out using methods that are consistent with practice and national conditions.

Pre-developed methods must be constantly coordinated within the framework of social and economic policy. At the same time, all decisions in the field of employment require active action not only on the part of the state. Steps in this direction are needed from employers, as well as from employees.

Employment promotion bodies

In 1991, the Federal Employment Service was created in the Russian Federation. Today, the Ministry of Labor and social development Russia. It was created in 1996, abolishing three social departments at once:

Ministry of Social protection of the population.
- Ministry of Labor.
- Federal Employment Service.

At the same time, the newly formed department became responsible for the development of In addition, the Ministry of Labor and Social Development manages the entire system of employment services through regional offices.

The main function of this governing body is to develop and further finance employment programs, standards and carry out tasks in close cooperation with regional offices. Such activities are aimed at protecting the population from unemployment.

Regional services are directly subordinate to the Ministry of Labor and Social Development. They manage the work of the bodies of this department located directly on the ground. In this case, the responsibilities of regional services include:
- planning;
- instruction;
- financing;
- implementation of control.

Local employment services, which are managed by regional bodies in this area, carry out direct work with the population. This is their daily activity.

Tasks of the SZN

Citizens who want to find a suitable job for themselves should contact the Employment Center of their city or town. This is the Ministry of Labor and Social Development, which will provide advice and inform about available vacancies. In addition, the Employment Center will provide a number of other services. Among them:

Payment of unemployment benefits;
- providing material and psychological assistance to the unemployed, as well as their dependent family members.

SZN solve four main problems. This:
- social protection of unemployed citizens;
- training in professional skills;
- facilitating employment;
- about the availability of vacancies.

Areas of activity of SZN

The state of any country organizes and regulates the employment of its citizens. The Russian Federal Employment Service carries out activities aimed at:

Drawing up development forecasts and analyzing employment levels;
- development and further implementation of targeted programs at the federal and territorial levels, the purpose of which is to promote the employment of those citizens who are at risk of dismissal and have difficulty finding work;
- organization of vocational guidance, training and retraining of unemployed citizens.

This work is organized and carried out under the direct supervision of the relevant federal body, which is the Department of Employment. Within the framework of his powers, he creates and supervises territorial services.

The Employment Department is called upon to:
- analyze the situation in territorial labor markets and develop various measures aimed at preventing or reducing the negative consequences of mass layoffs of workers;
- organize work on registering the unemployed and assist them in further employment;
- assign and pay unemployment benefits to citizens registered by him;
- provide citizens with state guarantees;
- organize the work of any territorial body included in this system, such as the city employment department and the district ZN department;
- conclude agreements with educational institutions for vocational training of the unemployed;
- promote the development of small businesses.

Improving work with the population

Territorial employment service bodies work in accordance with the Federal program, which provides assistance in the employment of citizens. Their main task is to mitigate in the regions of the Russian Federation. This goal is achieved by developing a flexible labor market, bringing the supply of vacancies and unemployed workers to a balance, increasing the level of employment, etc. At the same time, there is a constant improvement in methods and forms of work with the population.

For example, they are trying to direct the employment of the population of Moscow and some other cities into the direction of intensifying the independent search for work by citizens who contact SZN Centers. To achieve this, employees of this service are introducing group consultation conversations into practice.

In addition, the employment of citizens is facilitated by “Job Fairs”, “Customer Resume Banks”, “Job Seekers Clubs” and many other programs.

1.What is employment?

The Labor Code of the Russian Federation, unlike the previously existing Labor Code of the Russian Federation, does not regulate relations related to employment and employment. The Employment Law defines the concept of employment as the activity of citizens related to the satisfaction of personal and social needs, which does not contradict the legislation of the Russian Federation and, as a rule, generates income and earnings 1. It follows from the Constitution of the Russian Federation that citizens are given the right to freely dispose of their ability to work, as well as granting us the right to protection from unemployment 2.

In Russia, a state system has been created to protect citizens from unemployment and assist in finding employment. The legal status of the unemployed has been determined, additional guarantees of employment have been established for certain categories of citizens, including workers released as a result of the liquidation of organizations, reductions in the number or staff of workers, youth, disabled people and some others. Provision is made for the payment of unemployment benefits and scholarships to persons referred by the employment service for retraining, professional retraining, and advanced training. Many other activities are being carried out aimed at providing citizens with work.

From this we can conclude that employment- this is the right to protection from unemployment, which, in turn, the state must present to citizens in the form of a legal system aimed at developing not only the employment environment in the Russian Federation, but also at strengthening the market economy of the state as a whole.

2.What forms of employment do you know?

The entire population of the Russian Federation can be divided into employed and unemployed citizens. Depending on what types of activities do citizens engage in? forms of employment can be determined. The Employment Law contains a list of citizens who are considered employed in the Russian Federation:

Those working under an employment contract, including those who have any paid work with the exception of public works;

Registered as individual entrepreneurs;

Those employed in auxiliary industries and selling products under contracts;

Performing work under civil contracts;

Elected, appointed or confirmed to a paid position;

Those undergoing military service, alternative civilian service, as well as other types of services;

Those taking full-time courses in educational institutions of any level;

Temporarily absent from the workplace due to disability, vacation, retraining or other valid reasons;

Those who are the founders of organizations with the exception of the founders of public and religious organizations, charitable and other foundations, associations of legal entities (associations and unions), which do not have property rights in relation to these organizations.

3.Who can be considered unemployed?

Analyzing the concept of the unemployed, it is necessary to note the consequences of unemployment . Unemployment creates many problems in society and

economy:

The purchasing power of citizens is decreasing;

Standard of living of citizens;

The organization is losing qualified personnel;

The risk of social tension increases, etc.

According to the Employment Law citizens are recognized as unemployed 3 :

able-bodied;

Those who do not have a job or income;

Registered with the employment service in order to find suitable work;

Those who are looking for work and are ready to start it.

A citizen's ability to work is determined by their age and state of health. In terms of age, citizens under 16 years of age, as well as those who have been assigned an old-age pension in accordance with the pension legislation of the Russian Federation, cannot be recognized as unemployed.

Citizens applying for unemployed status must look for work, since this criterion characterizes the subjective intention of a citizen, however, such intention has external manifestations. Evidence that a citizen is looking for work is his appearance at the invitation of the employment authorities to get acquainted with the proposed work, which is why registration as unemployed is denied to those who refused within 10 days from the date of registration with the employment authorities in order to search for work from two options for suitable work, including temporary work, and for first-time job seekers who do not have a profession (specialty) - also from two offers of vocational training. In addition, registration as an unemployed person will be denied to a citizen who does not appear without good reason within 10 days from the date of registration in order to look for work at the employment authorities to offer him a suitable job, as well as who does not appear within the period established by these authorities for registration as unemployed.

Finally, an unemployed citizen must be ready to start work. This means that at the time of registration there should be no obstacles to the citizen being able to start work as soon as it is found for him. If such obstacles are irremovable, then recognition as unemployed is impossible.

The legal status of the unemployed also includes his rights and obligations, social guarantees and compensation provided in case of loss of work, as well as in other cases.

Modern science has developed various methods for recording unemployed citizens, the use of which can show different statistics on employment in the country. In my opinion, this is a necessary procedure, since the number of unemployed citizens directly affects the state - this is an important indicator for the political life of the country, for politicians, both ruling and opposition.

4. What is community service? Indicate their legal status.

Public works are understood as generally available types of labor activity, which, as a rule, do not require preliminary professional training of workers and are organized as additional social support for citizens looking for work. Such public works do not include activities, for example, related to the need to eliminate the consequences of various accidents, natural disasters and others. emergency situations and requiring special training of workers, as well as their qualified and responsible actions in the shortest possible time. The organization of public works is entrusted to the executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, local governments at the proposal and with the participation of employment service bodies and is regulated, in addition to Article 24 of the Employment Law, also by the Regulations on the organization of public works, which was approved by the Government of the Russian Federation on July 14, 1997. No. 875 (as amended by Government Decrees No. 1247 dated November 12, 1999, No. 769 dated December 20, 2003) 4.

Citizens' participation in public works is permitted only with their consent. Persons who have expressed a desire to participate in public works conclude urgent employment contract. The priority right to conclude such an agreement is enjoyed by unemployed citizens who do not receive unemployment benefits for various reasons, as well as unemployed citizens who have been registered with the employment service for more than six months.

As an example, public works can be named some of them, which are known to many of us from personal experience, namely:

Landscaping and landscaping;

Care for the elderly and disabled;

Various agricultural works;

Ancillary work in housing construction, etc.

To summarize the above, it should be noted that citizens engaged in public works are subject to the legislation of the Russian Federation on labor and social insurance. Also, during the period of participation of unemployed citizens in public works, they retain the right to receive unemployment benefits.

5. What is the amount of unemployment benefits?

One of the guarantees of social support for the unemployed is unemployment benefits. You can select two options for determining the amount of benefit, which is calculated in some cases as a percentage of average earnings, and sometimes as a minimum wage.

First option calculation of unemployment benefits applies to those who during 12 months before the onset of unemployment, had a paid job of at least 26 calendar weeks on a full-time (week) or part-time (week) basis with appropriate recalculation.

The benefit is accrued in the first 12-month period:

For three months in the amount of 75% of the average monthly earnings (salary) calculated over the last three months at the last place of work (service);

In the next 4 months – in the amount of 60%;

In the future - in the amount of 45%, but not higher than the subsistence minimum calculated in the constituent entity of the Russian Federation, and not lower than 30% of this minimum.

For citizens living in the Far North and equivalent areas, when calculating benefits, its amount increases taking into account the regional coefficient. The amount of the benefit in all cases should not be less than 100 rubles.

In the second 12-month period - in the amount of 30% of the subsistence level of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation.

Second option determining the amount of benefits depending on the cost of living is established for certain categories of citizens in the Employment Law 5 . Citizens looking for work for the first time, unemployed for a long time, who have not had 26 calendar weeks of paid work in the last 12 months, are paid benefits in the amount of 30% of the subsistence level calculated in the constituent entity of the Russian Federation, but not lower than the minimum wage.

6. What kind of work is considered suitable?

The Employment Law teaches us the concept of suitable work. Such work is considered suitable, including a temporary nature, which corresponds to the professional suitability of the employee, taking into account the level of his professional training, the conditions of the last place of work (with the exception of paid public works), health status, and transport accessibility of the workplace 6. The maximum distance of suitable work from the place of residence of the unemployed is determined by local authorities and management, taking into account the development of the transport network in the area.

Requirements of a suitable job are reduced for citizens:

First-time job seekers (who have not previously worked) and who do not have a profession (specialty);

Dismissed more than once during the calendar year preceding the period of unemployment for violation of labor discipline;

Individuals who have stopped working;

Those who refused to improve (restore) their qualifications in their existing profession (specialty), acquire a related profession or undergo retraining after the end of the initial (12-month) period of unemployment;

Those who have been registered with the employment service for more than 18 months, as well as those who have not been working for more than 3 years;

Those who contacted the employment service after the end of seasonal work, etc.

For them, work is considered suitable, including temporary work that meets the requirements of labor legislation, regardless of whether it requires or does not require (taking into account the age and other characteristics of citizens) preliminary training.

It is associated with a change of residence without the consent of the citizen;

Working conditions do not comply with labor protection rules and regulations;

The proposed salary is below the average salary of a citizen calculated over the last 3 months at the last place of work. This provision does not apply to citizens whose average monthly earnings exceeded the average salary in the region. In this case, a job cannot be considered suitable if the salary offered is below the average salary in the region.

Employment of the population is an important socio-economic category associated with the implementation of the human right to “freely manage one’s ability to work, choose an activity and profession” (Clause 1, Article 37 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation).

Employment of the population is the state of its economically active part, which is characterized by the presence of people with work, or legitimate, i.e. profitable occupation that does not contradict current legislation. In other words, employment is the provision of people with socially necessary work that brings them earnings, labor income.

The state of employment is directly related to the concept of “employed,” which has an ambiguous interpretation in official Russian economic practice. Thus, the Law on Employment in the Russian Federation interprets the category of employees more broadly than is defined in the recommendations of the International Labor Organization, which Rosstat follows. The content of this concept and the features of the approach to calculating the size of the population category under consideration are given below.

According to the methodology of the International Labor Organization, employed persons are persons of both sexes aged 16 years and older, as well as persons younger ages, which during the period under review:

Performed hired work for remuneration on a full or part-time basis, as well as other income-generating work independently or for individual citizens, regardless of the timing of receiving direct payment or income for their activities;

Performed work without pay in a family business;

Temporarily absent from work due to illness or injury, caring for the sick; annual leave or days off; compensatory leave or time off, compensation for overtime work or work on holidays (weekends); work according to a special schedule; being in reserve (when working in transport); statutory maternity leave and child care leave; training, retraining outside of your own, study leave; leave without pay or with pay at the initiative of the administration; strikes; other similar reasons.

Registered unemployed people performing paid public work received through the employment service, pupils and students performing paid agricultural work in the direction of educational institutions.

According to the Law on Employment in the Russian Federation, employed people are citizens:

Those working under a (contract), including those performing work for remuneration on a full-time or part-time basis, as well as having other paid work (service), including seasonal, temporary work, with the exception of public works (except for citizens specified in the footnote);

Registered as individual entrepreneurs;

Those employed in auxiliary industries and selling products under contracts;

Performing work under civil law contracts, the subjects of which are the performance of work and the provision of services, including under contracts concluded with individual entrepreneurs, copyright agreements, as well as being members of production (artels);

Elected, appointed or confirmed to a paid position;

Those undergoing military service, alternative civilian service, as well as service in internal affairs bodies, the State Fire Service, institutions and bodies of the penal system (according to the methodology of the International Labor Organization, military personnel, employees of internal affairs bodies, the State Fire Service, institutions and bodies of the criminal justice system) executive system refers to employees);

Those undergoing full-time courses in general education institutions, institutions of primary vocational and higher vocational education and other educational institutions, including training in the direction of Russian Federation. labor;

Temporarily absent from the workplace due to disability, vacation, retraining, advanced training, suspension of production caused by a strike, conscription for military training, involvement in activities related to preparation for military service (alternative civil service), performance of other government duties or other good reasons.

A comparison of the category “employed” in both sources shows that the Law on Employment in the Russian Federation, in contrast to the recommendations of the International Labor Organization, which Rosstat follows, in addition to various groups of workers and those temporarily absent from the workplace (which, in essence, coincides in the noted documents ) classifies as employed a large group of unemployed people participating in public works, as well as citizens studying full-time in various educational institutions.

As for public works, it is difficult to understand why one part of the unemployed involved in their implementation is classified by the Law on Employment in the Russian Federation as employed, and the other - as unemployed. Why, for example, is an unemployed person who seeks to resume work after a break of more than a year and participates in public works classified as employed, and if such a desire appeared in an unemployed person during a break of less than a year (even for one day), will he be classified as unemployed? Here we can assume some opportunistic considerations, which are quite difficult to guess.

Regarding full-time students, the situation is more clear. In fact, full-time students are busy people, as the Law on Employment in the Russian Federation considers them to be. But it should be understood that in the Rosstat methodology we're talking about about the employed as part of the economically active population, and full-time students cannot be classified in this category, since due to the specifics of their activity - full-time education - they must be economically inactive, i.e. do not work in production or in the service sector for the purpose of earning money.

This seemingly discrepancy is consistent when considering the types and forms of employment. The fact is that the practical needs of population accounting necessitate the identification of different types of employment. Thus, employment is distinguished between productive, socially useful, full-time, rational, effective, hidden, etc. Within these types of employment, forms such as part-time, temporary, flexible employment, etc. are distinguished.

Productive employment is the employment of the population in social production. It is characterized by the number of employed people from among the economically active population, established by Rosstat in accordance with the employment accounting methodology of the International Labor Organization.

Socially useful employment is determined by the number of people not only employed in social production, in military service, alternative civil service, service in internal affairs bodies, but also studying full-time (at working age), engaged in housekeeping, caring for children and sick relatives. This concept is close in its content to the concept of employment given in the Law on Employment in the Russian Federation (with the exception of those employed in the household, caring for children and sick relatives, whom this Law does not consider employed).

Full employment is an economic state of society when everyone who wants to have a paid job has one, there is no cyclical employment, but at the same time its natural level, determined by frictional and structural unemployment, is preserved. Full employment of the population should be distinguished from full employment of workers, which, unlike their partial or temporary employment, is characterized by the presence permanent job with normal working hours.

Rational employment is determined by the ratio of the amount of productive employment to the amount of socially useful employment. The level of rational employment is a hypothetical value that requires scientific justification and having, as one can assume, for each economic stage a certain optimal value, above and below which the degree of rationality decreases.

Effective employment is a theoretical concept that implies the use of personnel without loss of working time, when the greatest economic result is achieved. In connection with such a concept, it is appropriate to raise the question of the degree of employment efficiency as the ratio of the available working time fund of the employed to their nominal working time fund. If rational employment needs to be optimized, then effective employment needs to be maximized.

Hidden employment is the employment of people outside the scope of registration of official bodies in unregistered economic structures that do not pay taxes. This type of employment includes either its informal sector - illegal production of goods, construction work, the sphere of personal services (repair of apartments, household appliances, private lessons, medical services, tailoring, etc.), trade from hand, etc.

Part-time employment is a form of employment characterized by a reduced weekly workload. The normal length of the working week established by the Labor Code of the Russian Federation is no more than 40 hours. A shorter weekly working time is established for workers under the age of 18, disabled people of group I or II, as well as workers employed in work with harmful and (or) dangerous conditions labor. Shortened working hours are established by federal laws for certain categories of workers (teaching, medical, etc.). In all other cases, the shorter duration of an employee’s workload compared to the normal one gives grounds to classify him as part-time.

Temporary employment is a form of employment in which people are employed in production or in the service sector for a period strictly limited by an employment contract, which can range from one day to several years. Temporary workers are used to replace permanent workers for a certain period of time (during illness, maternity leave, vocational training, etc.), to perform one-time, random and non-prestigious work, work to eliminate production failures, to eliminate accidents, seasonal work, etc. Temporary employment can also be used for work that requires highly qualified personnel, for example, for one-time adjustment of complex equipment. The widespread use of temporary employment mitigates the unemployment situation.

Flexible employment is a form of employment with non-standard conditions of employment and work.

Such conditions include:

Non-standard working hours, in which the working hours are less than those established by state regulations. These include part-time work, shortened work weeks, seasonal work;

Non-standard organizational forms of hiring workers in the form of short-term employment contracts for casual work, tripartite agreements between the employment service, the entrepreneur and the temporary worker;

Non-standard ways of working and jobs, for example, home work (carrying out a production task at home), working from a home phone, working on your own vehicle, etc.;

Self-employment of citizens, which is carried out without formalization by them, at their own expense, by performing work independently or with the help of their family members, selling products, etc.

Sometimes flexible forms of employment include flexible working hours (flexible work shifts, flexible work weeks and months, when the start and end times of work can be regulated by the employees themselves), which is not precise enough. If the flexibility of the working time regime is carried out under the conditions of compliance with the standard total working time worked by each employee at a standard workplace, then such regimes have no relation to flexible employment. This will be a regular form of employment, but with a flexible work schedule.

In statistics foreign countries You can come across the concept of alternative types of employment, which are understood as varieties of non-standard, voluntary, part-time employment of working people agreed with trade unions. These types of employment include: short-time working hours; a workplace occupied by several employees; on-call work; work on weekends; home work and other flexible forms of employment.

Flexible forms of employment consist of adapting the duration of work and place of work to the capabilities and needs of certain categories of workers, such as women with young children, disabled people, pensioners, and students. Such forms of employment contribute to the growth of production efficiency and the satisfaction of the material interests of those categories of citizens who, for various reasons, cannot be employed in standard working conditions. However, flexible employment also has negative aspects due to the lack of collective forms of social protection for workers.

In the economic literature, the concept of excess employment is found, which is interpreted as a feature of the “Russian way” in the field of employment, manifested in the fact that adaptation to ongoing changes in the economy was carried out not so much through a reduction in the number of employees, but through flexibility in remuneration and its duration and intensity. The forms of such specific flexibility were low level, delays in its payment, high differentiation of earnings, widespread use of administrative leave, part-time work, development of secondary employment, etc. This was the price that the Russian economy paid for maintaining a relatively low level of open unemployment .

The current state of employment and use of labor resources in Russia

Market transformations in Russia have led to changes in the level and structure of employment of the population in it. These changes affected all structural elements of employment: the structure of the economically active population, gender, age and sectoral employment structures, etc.

The ratio between the number of people employed in the economy and the country's population was approximately the same at the beginning of market reforms.

There were also changes in employment shares by gender. Employment in the economy among men, like employment among women, decreased, but for men the decrease was slightly greater than for women.

The category “employment” makes it possible to assess the use of resources for labor: the higher the level of employment of the population, the better they are used in terms of extensive characteristics for labor. Extensive - because it reflects only the degree of use of resources for labor in relation to the size of the economically active population, but does not reflect the level of efficiency of use of the employed population in terms of assessing the use of working time, the presence of intra-shift and daily losses.

The emergence of market relations led to the movement of employment from the manufacturing sector to the service sector. However, in order for the level of industrial and construction production meets the needs of the economy and population, high labor productivity is required, and this is not observed in domestic industry and construction.

The number of men exceeded the number of women among heads of management bodies and organizations by 1.6 times, and among workers by 2.3 times. The share of heads of government bodies and institutions, together with specialists of higher and mid-level qualifications, amounted to 39% of the number of people employed in the economy. Workers, which also include workers in commercial agricultural production, accounted for 44.1% of employment in the economy.

For full characteristics the state of employment, in addition to its general indicators, it is necessary to consider the issues of under- and hidden employment of the population.

Based on materials from sample surveys, it was revealed that from 1.4 to 3.4% of all employees in the Russian economy worked part-time on the initiative of the administration of enterprises and organizations, and from 0.3 to 1.3% of employees were on forced leave , i.e. these workers were effectively underemployed. Every month, over 3 million people worked part-time at large and medium-sized enterprises; in various economic structures, about 2 million people were on leave every month at the initiative of the administration without pay or with partial pay.

The flip side of underemployment, as well as the result of a generally low level of wages, was secondary, or additional, employment aimed at obtaining extra income. According to the materials of statistical reporting of enterprises, in Russia there were more than 1.5 million part-time part-time workers (of which 43% worked in small and 57% in medium and large enterprises) and approximately 1.3 million workers employed under civil contracts. of a legal nature (of which 31% worked in small enterprises and 69% in medium and large enterprises). But it should be understood that, on the one hand, double counting may occur here, since one employee could be a part-time worker at several enterprises, but, on the other hand, the number of part-time workers may be reduced due to the fact that two part-time workers are 0.5 rates are considered an employed employee with one full-time rate.

A hidden form of employment appears when employment is not registered. Based on research conducted by the All-Russian Center for Research (VTsIOM), information was obtained that approximately 4-5% of the total number of workers are employed without legal status. Thus, the actual level of employment of the population is approximately 4.25.3% higher than the officially registered level.

Concepts of unemployment and unemployed

Unemployment is a socio-economic phenomenon that appeared along with the advent of wage labor. It is characterized, on the one hand, by the desire of people to work for hire in order to earn income, and on the other hand, by the absence of such work.

By analogy with the concept of employment, unemployment can be defined as the state of the economically active part of the population, which is characterized by the lack of hired work or legitimate, i.e. a profitable occupation that does not contradict current legislation, provided there is a desire to have such a job (occupation) and an active search for it.

In the definitions of the concept of “unemployed”, as well as the concept of “employed”, there are differences between their interpretation by the International Labor Organization (which Rosstat also adheres to) and Russian legislation.

According to the methodology of the International Labor Organization, the unemployed are persons 16 years of age and older who, during the period under review:

Did not have a job (gainful occupation);

We were looking for a job, i.e. contacted a government or commercial employment service, used or placed advertisements in the press, directly contacted the administration of the enterprise (), used personal connections or took steps to organize their own business;

Were ready to get to work;

Studied in the direction of the employment service;

They were pupils, students, pensioners and disabled people looking for work and ready to start it.

The unemployed include persons not engaged in labor activity, registered with the employment service as job seekers, and also recognized as unemployed.

According to the Law on Employment in the Russian Federation, the unemployed are able-bodied citizens who:

They have no job and no income;

Looking for a job;

Ready to start working;

Registered with the employment service in order to find suitable work.

In addition, the Law on Employment in the Russian Federation states that the following citizens cannot be recognized as unemployed:

a) under 16 years of age;

b) who, in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation, have been assigned one of the listed pensions: old-age labor pension (part labor pension old age), including early; pension (for those who are dismissed due to the liquidation of the organization, reduction in the number or staff of the organization in the absence of the possibility of their employment) for the period until the age entitling them to an old-age labor pension, including an early assigned old-age labor pension, but not earlier than two years before the appropriate age; old age pension and long service pension under state pension provision;

c) those who, within 10 days from the date of their registration with the employment service, in order to find a suitable job, refused two options for suitable work, including temporary work, and those seeking work for the first time (who have not previously worked and do not have a profession (specialty) - in in the event of two refusals to receive professional training or an offered paid job, including work of a temporary nature, the same job (vocational training, retraining, advanced training) in the same profession (specialty) cannot be offered twice;

d) those who, without good reason, did not appear within 10 days from the date of their registration in order to find a suitable job to the employment service authorities to offer them a suitable job, as well as those who did not appear within the period established by the employment service authorities to register them as unemployed;

e) sentenced by a court decision to correctional labor without imprisonment, as well as to punishment in the form of imprisonment;

f) those who have submitted documents containing deliberately false information about the lack of work and earnings, as well as those who have provided other false data in order to be recognized as unemployed;

g) who are considered employed under the Law on Employment in the Russian Federation.

Thus, the main differences in the interpretation of the concept of “unemployed”:

Firstly, they are that the Law classifies as unemployed only those able-bodied citizens who do not have a job or income, who are looking for work and are ready to start work, who are registered with the employment service;

Secondly, the law does not recognize as unemployed citizens who have been assigned an old-age pension, including early, as well as some other categories of citizens.

Rosstat in accordance with the methodology of the International Labor Organization for the unemployed:

Firstly, it counts all people aged 16 years and older who do not have a job, are looking for it and are ready to start it, regardless of whether the person is registered with the employment service or not, but among the unemployed it singles out those who are registered with the employment service employment services;

Secondly, persons studying under the direction of the employment service authorities, as well as pupils, students, pensioners and disabled people who are looking for work and are ready to start it.

A person is recognized as unemployed not immediately after he contacts the employment service, provides the necessary documents and registers as a person looking for a suitable job, but only if it is impossible to provide him with a suitable job within 10 days from the date of registration. In this case, the person is recognized as unemployed from the date of presentation of the necessary documents. For the first 10 days, the citizen will be listed as registered with the employment service, but not as unemployed. Therefore, in statistical information on the unemployment rate you can find several indicators: the number of unemployed, including those registered with the employment service, of which those recognized as unemployed. In addition, records are kept of those unemployed people who are paid unemployment benefits, since there are categories of unemployed people to whom unemployment benefits are temporarily not paid.

The concepts of “suitable work” and “inappropriate work” require clarification. In accordance with the Law on Employment in the Russian Federation, suitable work is considered to be such work, including temporary work, which corresponds to the professional suitability of the employee, taking into account the level of his professional training, the conditions of the last place of work (with the exception of paid public works), health status, transport accessibility of the workplace.

The law details the concepts of transport accessibility of a workplace and the conditions of the last place of work, since they can be interpreted arbitrarily.

The maximum distance of suitable work from the place of residence of the unemployed should be determined by the authorities, taking into account the development of the public transport network in the area.

Working conditions must comply with labor protection rules and regulations.

The proposed salary must not be lower than the average salary of a citizen calculated over the last three months at the last place of work. But if the average earnings of a citizen registered with the employment service exceeded the subsistence level of the working-age population, calculated in the constituent entity of the Russian Federation in the prescribed manner, then the concept of “suitable work” includes earnings that will not be lower than the subsistence minimum in the constituent entity of the Russian Federation in which it is registered (in the republic, territory, region, autonomous region, autonomous district, Moscow and St. Petersburg).

Paid work, including work of a temporary nature, is considered suitable for citizens:

Those looking for work for the first time (who have not previously worked) and at the same time do not have a profession (specialty); dismissed more than once within one year preceding the start of unemployment, for violation of labor discipline and other guilty actions; those who have ceased individual entrepreneurial activity; those seeking to resume work after a long (more than one year) break, as well as those sent by the employment service for training and expelled for guilty actions;

Those who refused to improve (restore) their qualifications in their existing profession (specialty), acquire a related profession or undergo retraining after the first period of payment of unemployment benefits;

Those who have been registered with the employment service for more than 18 months, as well as those who have not worked for more than three years;

Those who contacted the employment service after the end of seasonal work.

The following work is considered unsuitable:

Associated with a change of residence without the consent of the citizen;

Where working conditions do not comply with labor safety standards and regulations;

If the proposed earnings are lower than the average earnings received by a citizen over the last three months at his last place of work, provided that this earnings did not exceed the subsistence level of the working-age population in a constituent entity of the Russian Federation. If the average earnings of a citizen exceeded the subsistence level of the working-age population in a constituent entity of the Russian Federation, a job cannot be considered suitable when the offered earnings are lower than this subsistence level.

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Employment of the population is an important socio-economic category associated with the implementation of the human right “to freely manage one’s ability to work, choose an activity and profession” (Constitution of the Russian Federation, Article 37, paragraph 1).

Employment is the provision of people with socially necessary work that brings them earnings, labor income.

The following citizens are considered employed (Article 2 of the Employment Law):

● those working under an employment contract and having other paid work (service), including temporary, seasonal work;

● self-sufficient workers, including self-employment (excluding farmers, writers, etc.), entrepreneurs, as well as members of production cooperatives;

● elected, confirmed or appointed to a paid position;

● military personnel of any branch of the military serving in internal affairs bodies;

● able-bodied students of any educational institutions full-time, including training in the direction of the employment service;

● temporarily absent from work (vacation, illness, retraining, etc.);

● performing work under civil contracts (contracts).

The following types of employment are distinguished.

Productive employment is employment of the population in social production. It is characterized by the number of employed people from among the economically active population, determined in accordance with the ILO employment accounting methodology and the methodology of the State Statistics Committee of Russia.

Socially useful employment is determined by the number of people not only employed in social production, military service, alternative civil service, service in internal affairs bodies, but also studying full-time (at working age), engaged in housekeeping, caring for children and sick relatives. This concept is close in its content to the concept of employment given in the Federal Law on Employment (with the exception of those employed in the household, caring for children, and sick relatives, whom this law does not consider employed).

Full employment is an economic state of society when everyone who wants to have a paid job has one, there is no cyclical unemployment, but at the same time its natural level, determined by frictional and structural unemployment, is preserved. Full employment of the population should be distinguished from full employment of workers, which, in contrast to their partial or temporary employment, is characterized by the presence of permanent work with normal working hours.

Rational employment is determined by the ratio of the amount of productive employment to the amount of socially useful employment. The level of rational employment is a hypothetical value that requires scientific justification and has, as can be assumed, for each stage of the country’s economic development a certain optimal value, above and below which the degree of rationality decreases.

Effective employment is a theoretical concept that implies the use of personnel without loss of working time, when the greatest economic result is achieved. In connection with such a concept, it is appropriate to raise the question of the degree of employment efficiency as the ratio of the available working time fund of the employed to their nominal working time fund. If rational employment needs to be optimized, then effective employment needs to be maximized.

Hidden employment is the employment of people who are not accounted for by official bodies in unregistered business structures that do not pay taxes. This type of employment includes the shadow economy or its informal sector - illegal production of goods, construction work, the sphere of personal services (repair of apartments, household appliances, private lessons, medical services, tailoring, etc.), trade from hand, etc.

Part-time employment is a form of employment characterized by a reduced weekly workload. The normal length of the working week, established by the Labor Code of the Russian Federation, is no more than 40 hours. A shorter weekly working time is established for workers under the age of 18, disabled people of group I or II, and for workers engaged in work with harmful and (or) dangerous working conditions. Reduced working hours are also established by federal laws for certain categories of workers (teaching, medical and others). In all other cases, a worker’s reduced workload compared to the normal duration gives grounds to classify him as part-time.

Temporary employment is a form of employment in which people are employed in production or in the service sector for a period strictly limited by an employment contract, which can be from one day to several years. Temporary workers are used to replace permanent workers for a certain period of time (during illness, maternity leave, vocational training, etc.), to perform one-time, casual and non-prestigious work, to eliminate work, production failures, to eliminate accidents, to perform seasonal work. works, etc. Temporary employment can also be used for work that requires highly qualified personnel. The widespread use of temporary employment mitigates the unemployment situation.

Flexible employment is a form of employment with non-standard conditions of employment and work, such as:

● non-standard working hours, in which the duration of working hours is less than established by state regulations. These include part-time work, shortened work weeks, seasonal work;

● non-standard organizational forms of hiring workers in the form of short-term employment contracts for casual work, tripartite agreements between the employment service, the entrepreneur and temporary workers;

● non-standard ways of working and jobs, which include home work - performing a production task at home, working from a home phone, working on your own vehicle, etc.;

● self-employment of citizens, which is carried out without them formalizing a formal relationship, at their own expense, by performing work independently or with the help of their family members, selling products, etc.

Flexible forms of employment consist of adapting the duration of work and place of work to the capabilities and needs of certain categories of workers, such as women with young children, disabled people, pensioners, and students.

In the statistics of foreign countries, you can find the concept of alternative types of employment, which are understood as varieties of non-standard, voluntary, part-time employment of working people agreed with trade unions. These types of employment include: reduced working hours; a workplace occupied by several employees; on-call work; work on weekends; home work and other flexible forms of employment.

In the economic literature, the concept of excess employment is found, which is interpreted as a feature of the “Russian path” in the field of employment. The changes that took place in the economy were carried out not so much through a reduction in the number of employees, but through flexibility in remuneration, its duration and intensity. Forms so specific

4.4.UNEMPLOYMENT: CONCEPT, TYPES OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONSEQUENCES, MEASURES TO REDUCE IT.

Unemployment is a socio-economic phenomenon that appeared along with the advent of wage labor. It is characterized, on the one hand, by the desire of people to work for hire in order to generate income, and on the other hand, by the absence of such work. By analogy with the concept of employment, unemployment can be defined as the state of the economically active part of the population, which is characterized by people’s lack of hired work or legitimate income-generating occupation if they have a desire to have such work.

The Law of the Russian Federation “On Employment of the Population in the Russian Federation” provides the following detailed definition of the conditions for recognizing citizens as unemployed.

"Article 3. Procedure and conditions for recognizing citizens as unemployed

1. Unemployed are considered able-bodied citizens who do not have a job or income, are registered with the employment service in order to find a suitable job, are looking for work and are ready to start it.

2. The decision to recognize a citizen registered for the purpose of searching for a suitable job as unemployed is made by the employment service authorities at the citizen’s place of residence no later than 11 days from the date of presentation to the employment service authorities of a passport, work book or documents, their
replacement documents, documents certifying his professional qualifications, a certificate of average earnings for the last three months at the last place of work, and for first-time job seekers (who have not previously worked) who do not have a profession (specialty) - a passport and an education document.

3.Citizens cannot be recognized as unemployed:

under 16 years of age;

who, in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation, have been assigned an old-age labor pension (part of an old-age labor pension), including early, or an old-age or long-service pension under state pension provision;

who, within 10 days from the date of their registration with the employment service, refused two options for suitable work, including work of a temporary nature, and those seeking work for the first time (have not previously worked) and at the same time do not have a profession (specialty) - in the case of two refusals to obtain a professional training or from offered paid work, including temporary work. A citizen cannot be offered the same job (vocational training, retraining and advanced training in the same profession, specialty) twice;

who did not appear without good reason within 10 days from the date of their registration in order to search for a suitable job to the employment service authorities to offer them a suitable job, and also who did not appear within the period established by the employment service authorities to register them as unemployed;

sentenced by a court decision to correctional labor without imprisonment, as well as to punishment in the form of imprisonment;

The duration of unemployment is the period of job search (week, month, year) during which the unemployed person is looking for work using a variety of ways (acquaintances, family connections, advertisements, private, public and government employment agencies, etc.), from the moment searching for a job before getting a job.

The number of citizens who contacted the state employment service regarding employment issues includes:

A large number of people who lost their jobs for various reasons and turned to employment services during this period for assistance in finding employment;

A significant number of persons supplied by the potential labor market
for economic reasons and who have passed the stage of initial vocational training, as well as students who need to earn money in their free time from study;

A significant number of people employed at work, but wishing to change it
for a more acceptable job or those wishing to have a second job in combination with the first, i.e. have secondary employment, etc.

The number of employed citizens is the total number of people who received work during a given period with the assistance of the state employment service (counted separately from those who found employment without going through the state employment service).

The demand for workers declared by enterprises and organizations is the number of vacancies reported by enterprises and organizations to the state employment service, which, as a rule, is less than the real number of vacancies.

Types of unemployment.

There are several types of unemployment: frictional, structural, cyclical, hidden, stagnant, normal (natural level of unemployment), optimal, institutional, chronic, etc.

One of the reasons for unemployment may be a person’s voluntary leaving a place of work in order to find a more suitable work option. When the search is delayed, a person finds himself unemployed. A person who is looking for work for the first time or looking for a new job after ending a temporary job may also be unemployed.

Unemployment, which was a consequence of the reasons mentioned above, is called frictional; it could be called situational, because it is caused by a situation that forces people to look for another job.

Frictional unemployment is considered inevitable and even in some cases desirable, since the initiative to quit comes from the person himself. As a result of such unemployment, many people find more worthy employment for themselves, solve problems of increasing the level of wages and its content, and greater productivity.

Frictional unemployment can be called normal. This is mainly unemployment and dissatisfaction with the content and working conditions. It is usually short-term - no more than one or two months.

Structural unemployment means that supply and demand for the same types of labor do not match across firms, industries, and regions. It is caused by a change, on the one hand, in consumer demand for goods, and on the other, by a change in the structure of production, which responds to changes in consumer demand.

Structural unemployment is mostly the unemployment of obsolete professions.

The current pace of economic development is associated with the scientific and technological revolution, which is continuously changing the sectoral structure of the economy. New technologies are emerging in all industries, and their share is changing. The number of people employed in agriculture, industry, and their number is growing in the service sector, in high-tech industries, etc. Therefore, structural unemployment exists continuously in a modern market economy, its importance within the labor market is increasing and therefore requires the expansion of the system of retraining of workers. There is an urgent need for continuous professional development and retraining of personnel at enterprises.

Cyclical unemployment is a type of unemployment that is constantly changing in scale, duration and composition, associated with the business cycle. Its scale and duration reach a peak during a recession (crisis) of the economy and a minimum during a recovery. It brings the most destructive consequences, caused by uneven economic development, a sharp reduction in production due to cyclical economic downturns and crises. In such conditions, many enterprises wind down or cease operations, ending up bankrupt. With cyclical unemployment, the costs to society of overcoming its negative consequences are very significant.

Cyclical unemployment can be described as unemployment of insufficient demand for labor, causing chaos in the economy.

According to the nature of its manifestation, unemployment is distinguished between open and hidden.

Open b. does not require special comments, it does not hide, does not disguise itself, people publicly declare their desire to work and are actively searching for it.

Hidden unemployment characterizes the condition of people who are employed but:

a) are dissatisfied with the job and are looking for another place of main or additional work;

b) have a high probability of losing their job due to claims from the employer who is dissatisfied with its quality or other circumstances, and therefore are looking for another job;

c) are employed part-time or have been placed on administrative leave without appropriate pay, are looking for and are ready to move to another job.

The level of hidden unemployment is determined by special surveys, as well as expert assessments of managers of large enterprises, government bodies, employment service specialists, and scientists.

By duration, unemployment is divided into short-term, moderate, long-term and stagnant.

Short-term unemployment lasting one to two months is characteristic of its frictional variety.

Moderate lasts up to 12 months.

Long-term unemployment includes the most stable stratum of the unemployed. These are beggars, degenerates, tramps who have lost all hope of work (homeless people), etc. Sometimes, people employed at home are classified as stagnant unemployment on the grounds that this hired labor is seasonal in nature and the workers themselves, for health reasons or family reasons, cannot work at the company’s workplace. However, it is hardly legitimate to classify this part of hired labor as any type of unemployment.

Long-term unemployment got its name due to the long-term existence of a worker as unemployed for 12-18 months, when the time factor has a negative impact on professional performance and skill level, the ability to work intensively throughout the working day. Prolonged inaction leads to the employee’s loss of self-confidence, degradation as a person, complexion and embitterment. This is associated with certain difficulties in returning the employee to normal work activities, requiring assistance from specialists - sociologists and psychologists, as well as the attention of the state employment service in providing him with employment opportunities.

Female unemployment is a type of unemployment associated with the characteristics of the female labor force and the position of women in the labor market, because:

Women play a special role in population reproduction, birth
and raising children, in the household. This is the main reason
the fact that women in working professions tend to have lower
compared to men, level of qualifications;

The unemployment rate for women is higher because women
due to the specific nature of their abilities for hired labor, they cannot compete
with men, to whom employers impose more stringent requirements, and this leads to the dismissal of women first. Therefore on
in the labor market, women are subject to social discrimination despite
Clause 2 of Article 6 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, Article 3 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation, UN Convention
“On the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women” and a number of ILO conventions.

Institutional unemployment is generated by excessive social payments of unemployment benefits, various types of assistance, which reduce work motivation and cultivate a dependent psychology, reducing the supply of labor in the labor market and contributing to an increase in the unemployment rate. The greater the amount of unemployment benefits, the longer the search for a job that provides earnings in excess of the benefit. This type of unemployment can be caused by a high guaranteed minimum wage, imperfection of the taxation system, if it, by reducing labor income, makes it comparable to social welfare payments. Naturally, this limits the supply of hired labor in the labor market, since some do not see the point in working, and unemployment periods are lengthened.

Full employment in a market economy is achieved at the natural rate of unemployment. This is the essence of the market understanding of employment, which was formulated by J.M. Keynes.

In Keynesian works, full employment is understood as its state at the so-called normal, natural level of unemployment, and by no means its complete elimination. This is the scale of unemployment (approximately 3-6% of the total number of employed) that is sufficient to perform the function of putting pressure on wages workers, but which, at the same time, does not pose a serious threat to the existence of capitalism.

The natural rate of unemployment is the share of unemployed people that corresponds to the appropriate level of full employment in the economy.

Socio-economic consequences of unemployment and measures to reduce it

Frictional and structural unemployment are natural and do not require the adoption of any significant measures to prevent them, except that it is necessary to organize retraining of personnel in accordance with the requirements of the labor market.

Cyclical unemployment, accompanied by long-term and stagnant forms, is the most destructive for society, it causes significant economic, moral and social damage to the population and requires active government measures to overcome it, prevent stagnant unemployment or reduce its level.

One of the negative consequences of unemployment is unproduced products due to the non-working state of able-bodied citizens who have a desire to work, and, as a consequence, a decrease in the rate of economic growth, a lag in the production volume of the gross national product (GNP). American economist Arthur Okun substantiated and quantitatively expressed the relationship between the unemployment rate and the volume of GNP, according to which an excess of the unemployment rate above its normal natural level by 1% leads to a lag in the production of GNP volume from its potential level by 2.5% (Oken's law).

Prolonged and stagnant unemployment has a negative impact on social values ​​and vital interests of citizens, the physical and moral health of society is undermined: qualifications and practical skills are lost, psychological depression occurs, social tension, cruelty and crime are growing in society, family breakdown is increasing, the number of nervous, mental and heart problems is growing. -vascular diseases, the number of cases of suicide and other negative phenomena increases.

Mass long-term Unemployment has a strong impact on the socio-political situation in countries when, in the wake of general discontent, extremist groups and parties intensify their activities, chauvinism grows, and coups d'etat take place. Therefore, timely and effective measures to prevent or reduce the negative consequences of mass long-term unemployment should be a priority in the socio-economic policy of the state.

It is possible to measure all the costs that employed employees, employers and the state bear on the maintenance of the army of the unemployed and their families, the maintenance of employment agencies and other institutions for social support of the unemployed - these are considerable funds that are spent in addition to the losses from what is not produced by the unemployed themselves, and also relate to the damage that society suffers from unemployment.

Social guarantees for unemployment in countries with developed market economies are established by law. This:

Unemployment benefits;

Unemployment assistance (cash assistance for those without work);

Unemployment figures:

The study of unemployment is based on a system of indicators obtained on the basis of official (monthly, quarterly, semi-annual, annual) statistical materials of the State Statistics Committee. Based on special sample surveys of households on employment issues, which have been conducted since 1992, as well as on the basis of statistical bulletins and other materials.

Among the unemployment indicators, the most common are the following:

The level of officially registered unemployment as the ratio of the number of registered unemployed to the number of economic workers based on statistical data calculated for a certain territory in average monthly, average annual terms or as of a certain date.

UZB year = ZB year /EAN year *100%

where: UZB year is the level of unemployment registered in a certain territory on an average annual basis, %

ZB year – average annual number of registered unemployed, people

EAN year – average annual number of economically active population, people.

The level of general unemployment as the ratio of the total number of unemployed, calculated in a certain territory through sample surveys as of a certain date, to the number of economic workers on this date:

UOBod =Rim / EANod * 100%

where: UOBod is the level of general unemployment in a certain territory as of a certain date, %

Rim – the total number of unemployed, calculated in the territory through sample surveys as of a certain date, people;

The share of registered unemployment in the total number of unemployed as the ratio of the number of unemployed registered on a certain date to the total number of unemployed, calculated in the territory through sample surveys as of a certain date:

BAUD = BAUD / Rim * 100%

The coefficient of tension in the labor market as the ratio of the number of unemployed citizens registered with the employment service to the number of vacancies reported to the employment service, calculated in a certain territory in average monthly, average annual terms or as of a certain date.

NRTod = ZBaud / ZVod.

Related information.